Posibnik_-_2011

2.to attend English classes;

3.to look through the latest biochemical papers;

4.to listen to this compact disk.

5.to watch this film

Зразок 3. (to go to Las Vegas)

A.: My friend has gone to Las Vegas. B.:Has he really gone to Las Vegas? A.:Yes, he has.

1.to pass all examinations;

2.to be to all European countries;

3.to learn a lot of subjects;

4.to make an appointment with schoolmates for Sunday;

5.to see the latest model of chemical equipment.

X. Складіть речення із поданими словами, вживаючи Present Perfect Tense.

Зразок: We have already discussed this problem. already –вже (твердження)

yet – ще (заперечення) yet - вже (питання)

lately (recently) – нещодавно just – щойно

ever – коли-небудь (питання) never – ніколи (заперечення) this year (цього року)

XI. Сформулюйте запитання і дайте відповіді на них.

Зразок: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?

B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.

1.to read new English and Latin textbooks

2.to receive letters from foreign pen-friend

3.to make contracts with English and German firms

4.to be to Moscow

5.to receive students from France

6.to translate scientific papers.

XII. Cкладіть речення із наступними словами, використовуючи Past Perfect Tense та обставини часу:

by five o’clock – до 5 години, by Saturday – до суботи,

by the 15-th of April – до 15 квітня, by the end of the year – до кінця року,

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by that time – до того часу,

before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа Зразок.: He had translated the text by five o’clock.

(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).

XIII. Виконайте вправу за зразками, використовуючи слова з вправи XII.

Зразок 1. А: Our group had translated the article by 6 o’clock. And what about you?

B.: We hadn’t translated the article by that time.(Past Perfect Tense) Зразок 2. А: Our group will have translated the article by 6 o’clock.

And what about you?

B.: We won’t have translated the article by that time.(Future Perfect Tense)

XIV. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Ми вже закінчили свою роботу, коли він прийшов. 2.Вона сказала нам, що розмовляла з деканом стосовно практики. 3.Він купив новий годинник через те, що загубив свій старий. 4.Він переглядав журнали, які нам прислали наші американські колеги. 5.Наш декан проінформував нас про те, що він зафрахтував літак для нашого перельоту до Америки. 6.Він сказав мені, що купив подарунок і відіслав своїй подрузі. 7.Вона пригадала, що обіцяла батькам написати про свій приїзд до Лондона. 8.Ми пізно повернулися до гуртожитку, тому що були на концерті. 9.Анна розповіла нам, що вона подорожувала упродовж місяця, була в різних містах Росії і бачила багато цікавого. 10.Після того, як зайшло сонце, ми вирішили повернутися додому. 11.Я згадав про цю новину, коли вони вже пішли. 12.Наш куратор погодив терміни сесії до того, як ми зустрілися. 13.Я повернувся раніше, ніж вона надрукувала листи. 14.Мій друг хворів протягом кількох днів, коли я провідав його. 15. Ми закінчимо наші досліди до кінця тижня.

XV. Перекажіть текст.

INVERTEBRATES

This group of animals is widespread throughout the world. All they are mollusks, soft-bodied animals that have no skeletons. Many mollusks, such as snails and clams, form shells that protect them. But some mollusks have no shells around their bodies. They have other ways of protecting themselves.

Stories and movies often show the octopus as a monster. This eight-armed sea animal has rows of suckers and two large eyes. It looks strange and frightening to many people. But the octopus is a timid animal. Instead of attacking it usually tries to hide or escape from its enemies.

The octopus swims fast by shooting water from its body.

Slugs and snails, which live on land, are mostly vegetarians, and therefore are crop pests.

They are only found in moist conditions. The eggs of the slug are about 2 mm in diameter, translucent and colorless. They are covered by a sticky secretion and are usually found in groups.

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Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

VERTEBRATES

What is a Vertebrate? What separates vertebrates from other chordates, such as hagfishes and tunicates? Some chordates lose their notochords when they become adults. Vertebrates not only keep their notochords – they protect them with bone or cartilage. In most vertebrates this structure is composed of bones called vertebrae. Each bone in your spine is a vertebra. Each vertebra has a hole through which the spinal cord passes. Sharks and skates do not have true bone, but the cartilage in their teeth and vertebrae may calcify, or harden, into a bone-like structure.

Vertebrates also have skulls, whether made of bone or cartilage, to protect their brains. (The only non-vertebrates that have brains are hagfishes.) Few animals other than vertebrates have any kinds of bones. Vertebrates possess two types of bone, dermal and endoskeletal. Vertebrae, ribs, and arm and leg bones are made of endoskeletal bone. This type of bone begins as cartilage, which calcifies (hardens) to form bone. In some fish cartilage never hardens into bone. Most vertebrates have jaws. Jawless vertebrates began to decline about 380 million years ago as they were replaced by vertebrates with jaws. Many vertebrates don’t have teeth (including most birds and amphibians and a few insect-eating mammals). But those that do include most mammals, crocodiles, snakes, barracudas, and sharks.

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Vertebrates are made for moving. Most vertebrates have two pairs of appendanges, whether they have four legs, four flippers, or two legs and two wings. What else do vertebrates have? Below are a few more things that most vertebrates have:

•Complex eyes arranged in pairs.

•Muscularized mouth and pharynx.

•The outer covering consists of two divisions – an outer epidermis and an inner dermis. It is often modified to produce scales, feathers, hairs, horns, glands, etc.

•Blood with red blood corpuscles containing hemoglobin and white corpuscles.

•Well developed body cavity (coelom) containing internal organs.

•Digestive system with large digestive glands, liver, and pancreas.

•Ventral heart with 2-4 chambers.

•Paired kidneys with ducts to drain wastes out of the body.

•Sex. Many invertebrates don’t grow up to be male or female.

So, any animal that has vertebrae is a vertebrate. And every vertebrate has a brain and bones to protect its brain and other internal organs which also provide attachments for muscles that allow animals to move.

Living vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1.Do vertebrates keep their notochords?

2.What do they protect their notochords with?

3.What types of bones do vertebrates possess?

4.What is made of endoskeletal bone?

5.Do any vertebrates have jaws?

6.When did jawless vertebrates begin to decline?

7.What classes of vertebrates don’t have teeth?

8.How many pairs of appendages do most vertebrates have?

9.What appendages do most vertebrates have?

10.What are the main characteristic features of vertebrates?

11.What groups of vertebrates do you know?

Вправи

I. Прочитайте словосполучення та перекладіть їх українською мовою.

to become adults; to keep notochords; to protect them with bone; to be composed of bones; the spinal cord; true bone; may calcify or harden; to protect their brains; arm and leg bones; endoskeletal bone; to be made of; to harden into bone; jawless vertebrates; to decline; to be replaced by; including most birds; insect-eating mammals; to be made for; muscularized mouth; outer covering; outer epidermis; inner dermis; to be modified; well developed; cavity containing internal organs; digestive system; ventral heart; paired kidneys; to drain waste out of the body; any animal; to provide attachments for muscles; to allow.

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II.Заповніть пропуски в реченнях, користуючись текстом “The Vertebrates”.

1.Vertebrates … their notochords with bone or … .

2.Each bone in your spine is a … .

3.Each … has a hole through which the … cord … .

4.The cartilage may … into a bone-like … .

5.Vertebrates possess two types of … - dermal and … .

6.Most birds don’t have … .

7.Most vertebrates have two pairs of … .

8.The outer covering is often modified to produce …, …, …, …, etc.

9.Any … that has vertebrae is a … .

10.Every … has a brain and … to protect its … and other … organs.

III. Згрупуйте слова за частинами мови.

adults, cartilage, structure, vertebra, spinal, teeth, calcify, their, are, possess, dermal, arm, begins, type, have, them, include, eyes, red, developed, liver, digestive, digestion, paired, grow up, male, internal, provide, allow, mammals, their.

V. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними, використовуючи фрази: I agree that (я

згоден, що…); I cannot agree that… (я не можу погодитися з тим, що…).

1.Living vertebrates include insects and birds.

2.Most vertebrates have two legs and two wings.

3.Most vertebrates have well developed body cavity.

4.Vertebrae, ribs and arm and leg bones are made of dermal bone.

5.Most birds have flippers.

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6.Most vertebrates don’t grow up to be male or female.

7.Jawless vertebrates began to decline 380 years ago.

8.Body cavity contains internal organs.

9.Ventral heart consists of one chamber.

10.Vertebrates don’t have skulls to protect their brains.

VI. Знайдіть визначення до слів.

VII. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Хребетні не тільки мають спинний мозок, а й захищають його кістковою або хрящевою тканиною.

2.Ця конструкція складається з кісток, які називаються хребцями.

3.Хребетні мають дермальні та ендоскелетальні види кісток.

4.Хребці, ребра, кістки кінцівок складаються з ендоскелетальних кісток.

5.Птахи, амфібії та комахоїдні ссавці не мають зубів.

6.Більшість хребетних мають щелепи.

7.Більшість хребетних мають дві пари кінцівок.

8.Внутрішній епідерміс часто видозмінюється для продукування луски, пір’я, шерсті, рогів, залоз і т.д.

9.Більшість хребетних мають нирки з протоками для виведення відходів з організму.

10.Більшість хребетних мають серце з 2 або 4 камерами.

VIII. Розкрийте дужки та поставте дієслова у відповідному граматичному часі. A.Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1.The professor (speak) five foreign languages. Right now he (speak) German.

2.I usually drive to my work. Be carefull! You (drive) too fast.

3.I (do) a lot of work every day. Don’t worry! I (know) what I (do).

4.What language they (speak) in India? What language he (speak) now?

5.She (not understand) what the teacher (explain).

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B.Future Simple or Present Continuous.

1.Where you (go) for your next holiday?

2.I’m afraid, I’m not quite ready. – Never mind. I (wait).

3.We (have) a party next Saturday night. You (come)?

4.– There are a lot of mistakes in this document.

– All right. I (type) it again.

5.You must visit this museum. I’m sure you (like) it.

C.Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1.I (come) in and (see) my friends who (write) the final test.

2.I (not understand) what Mr Green (do).

3.I (not hear) him. I (listen to) the music.

4.The mouse (hide) while the cat (watch).

5.We (see) an accident when we (wait) for the bus.

D.Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1.Some years ago he (be) rather poor and (not know) how to live. But recently he (become) very

rich.

2.What you (do) last night?

3.What you (do) since last night?

4.I (get) a fax from Boris an hour ago, but I (not answer) it yet.

5.How’s George? When you (see) him? – Oh, I (not meet) him for ages.

E.Present Perfect or Past Perfect.

1.You ever (see) a flying saucer?

2.When the three bears came home they saw that someone (eat) Baby Bear’s porridge.

3.You (pass) your examinations yet?

4.I (pass) all my exams before I went home.

5.I (not see) this film yet, but I am going to see it.

F.Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1.We (pass) our exams by the end of the week.

2.We (not visit) this museum last week.

3.I (buy) the book that the teacher (recommend).

4.I didn’t recognize him, because he (change) a lot.

5.When we arrived at the cinema, the film already (begin).

IX. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою. Використовуючи таблицю, визначте часову форму присудків.

1.Кожного року багато туристів приїжджають відвідати музей Бітлз.

2.Коли я був дитиною, мої батьки посилали мене влітку в село на відпочинок.

3.Коли я їхав до університету, я зустрів мого друга.

4.О котрій годині відкривається ваш супермаркет?

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5.Де Ніна? Вона сидить у бібліотеці.

6.Я, зазвичай, обідаю вдома.

7.Ти чув цю пісню раніше?

8.Мої батьки живуть у Києві 20 років.

9.Ми купили цей автомобіль 2 роки тому.

10.Ця ферма буде виробляти молочні продукти.

11.Хто добре знає англійську мову в нашій групі?

12.Ми вивчили нові слова до того, як почали перекладати текст.

13.Ми закінчимо перекладати цей текст до кінця заняття.

14.Завтра у цей час я буду працювати в читальному залі.

15.Як довго ви навчаєтеся в університеті?

Активний стан дієслів (Active Voice)

X. Перекажіть текст.

VERTEBRATES

What is a Vertebrate? Vertebrates not only keep their notochords — they protect them with bone or cartilage. In most vertebrates, this structure is composed of bones called vertebrae. Each bone in your spine is a vertebra. Each vertebra has a hole through which the spinal cord passes. Vertebrates also have skulls, whether made of bone or cartilage, to protect their brains. Vertebrates possess two types of bone, dermal and endoskeletal. Vertebrae, ribs, and arm and leg bones are made of endoskeletal bone. This type of bone begins as cartilage, which calcifies (hardens) to form bone. In some fish cartilage never hardens into bone. Most vertebrates have jaws. Vertebrates are made for moving. Most vertebrates have two pairs of appendanges, whether it’s four legs, four flippers, or two legs and two wings. Most vertebrates have:

•Complex eyes arranged in pairs.

•Muscularized mouth and pharynx.

•The outer covering consists of two divisions - an outer epidermis and an inner dermis.

•Blood with red blood corpuscles containing hemoglobin and white corpuscles.

•Well developed body cavity (coelom).

•Digestive system with large digestive glands, liver, and pancreas.

•Ventral heart with 2-4 chambers.

•Paired kidneys.

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So, any animal that has vertebrae is a vertebrate. And every vertebrate has a brain and bones to protect its brain and other internal organs which also provide attachments for muscles that allow animals to move.

Living vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

FISH

Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”, and has a long documented history, dating thousands of years back to the ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese, Greeks and Romans.

The first vertebrates evolved in the sea 480 million years ago. Thus, fish were around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals, but they were not like modern fish.

The diversity of fish is larger than of any other vertebrate group. Not only are there more species of fish (25.000) than of all other vertebrates together, but also the range of body shapes and sizes of fish is larger than of mammals, birds or reptiles.

The shapes of fish are also extremely diverse. The maximum size of fish can range from one centimeter in Philippine gobies, to 13-15 meters in the whale shark.

The brain is the organ with the highest energy and oxygen demand, and thus, fish as well as other animals have evolved brain sizes that are neither too small nor too large respective to the niches they occupy in nature.

Tropical fish show a tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.

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