Angl_yaz_Zdanie_127_Glebovsky_12

Урок 2.3

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

Текст А

TRANSMISSION

Propeller shafts

Poweristransmittedfromthegearboxtothefinaldrivebythepropeller shaft.This shaft is a metal tube, strongenough to transmit the full power of the engine increased many times by the gearing.

The front end of the propeller shaft is connected to the gearbox. The other end is connected to the final drive in the rear-axle assembly.

When the car runs on an uneven surface, the rear-axle assembly rises and falls as the springs flex, so the rotating propeller shaft must be able to

changeitsanglecorrespondingly.Thisswingingismadepossiblebyuniversal joints which are fitted at each end of the propeller shaft.

Axlemovementonthespringscontinuouslyaltersthedistancebetween thegearboxandfinal-drivecouplings,sotheeffectivelengthofthepropeller shaft must be able to vary correspondingly.

This is allowed for by a sliding connection: usually the universal joint couplingis splined on to the gearbox output shaft so that it can slide in and out.

The universal joint consists of two yokes pivoted on a central crosspiece, or spider, formed by two pins intersecting at right angles.

The yokes, one on an input shaft and the other on an output shaft, are connected to the spider so that they are at right angles to each other. This kindofjointallowstheshaftstorotatetogether,evenwhentheiraxesdonot form a straight line.

Friction between the yokes and the spider is reduced by bearing-caps contain­ing needle-roller bearings.

Front-drivecarsandrear-enginedrear-drivecarsdonothavepropeller shafts. In these cars power is transmitted from the final drive in the engine gearbox unit to the road wheels. The half-shafts have universal joints to allow for spring and steering movements and splined connections to the final drive for changes in length.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How is power transmitted from the gearbox to the final drive?

2.What does the propeller shaft connect?

3.Why must the rotating propeller shaft be able to change its angle?

4.Why must the effective length of the propeller shaft be able to vary?

5.What does the universal joint consist of?

6.What allows the shafts to rotate together?

7.How is power transmitted in front-drive cars and rear-engined reardrive cars?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какимиименно? Как онивэтомслучае переводятсяна русский язык?

alter (v.), connection (n.), correspondingly (adv.), flex (v.), joint (n.), kind (n.), length (n.), pin (n.), roller (n.), straight (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

тип, сорт, вид; ролик (игла) игольчатого подшипника; гравий, щебень; длина, расстояние; штифт, штырь, палец; ржавчина; преимущество; влага, влажность; соединительная деталь; шарнир; регулировка, установка;

менять(ся), изменять(ся); гнуть(ся); скользить; разрабатывать, конструировать; защищать; приводить в движение; блокировать, стопорить; доставлять, подавать; предполагать, подразумевать; помещать, располагать;

соответственно; возможный; удобный; немного, мало; прямой, прямолинейный; каждый; полный; другой;

этот; чем; таким образом; как, в качестве; между; иногда; когда; даже; друг к другу.

Упражнение 3. Переведите данные существительные и образуйте с их помощью группы существительных. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в функции обстоятельства.

1.Front-wheel drive is engaged by using an extra gear lever.

2.Apetrolengineprovidespowerwhichpropelsthecarbyburningamixture of petrol and air in its cylinders.

3.The water that has been cooled passes into the bottom tank and is then returned to the engine by forcing through the water pump.

4.Bydepressingoftheacceleratorpedal,extrapetrolisinjectedintotheair stream and the necessary rich mixture is provided.

5.Accidental selection of park and reverse is prevented by using a device such as a mechanical stop.

6.Good maintenance is important in reducing the amount of waste gases released into the atmosphere.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.

1.If the front wheels become locked first, the car will usually slide in a straight line, but steering control will be lost.

2.If the second piston has a larger area than the first, the force it exerts (оказывать) will be correspondingly greater than that applied to the first piston.

3.If the lever is placed in position 1, the driver restricts the box to first gear.

4.The gear selector controls the shift valves directly, unless automatic forward drive is selected.

5.Were it not moderated, the noise from cars would be socially unacceptable.

6.If the driver selects overdrive, the clutch locks to the outer casing and stops the sun wheel turning.

7.Thedieselwouldbecheapertorunevenifadieselfueloilandgasoline were of the same price per gallon.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию Complex Object.

1.This kind of joint allows the shafts to rotate together.

2.This arrangement allows maximum engine braking to be obtained on steep descents.

3.The firingorder of the cylinders makes the crankshaft rotate smoothly.

4.An automatic gearbox has two, three or four sets of planets combined together which allows it to obtain the required number of gear combinations.

5.When the gear lever moves, it causes a selector rod to slide to or fro.

6.When the car reaches a pre-set speed, a governor allows the pump pressure to take over from the throttle control and a change to a higher gear is made.

7.Thesystemcausesallthegearwheels exceptthosethatarerequiredfor a particular ratio to run freely.

24

Упражнение 4. Образуйте существительные от перечисленных ниже глаголов.

Текст В

TRANSMISSION

Four-wheel drive for more grip

Most cars have two-wheel drive– the engine drives either the back or thefrontwheels.Whensnow,iceormudmakestheroadslippery,thedriven wheels may not get enough grip and one or both of them may spin.

If all four wheels are driven, the tyres grip better on slippery ground, because the whole weight of the car is being used for traction.

Four-wheel drive is common on cross-country and military vehicles. They normally operate with rear-wheel drive on made-up roads on which four-wheel drive is not suited to prolonged running. Front-wheel drive is engaged when needed by using an extra gear lever. The change to fourwheel drive involves a lower gear ratio.

This compromise is not acceptable for a powerful four-wheel-drive passenger car capable of high speeds; when four-wheel drive is to be in continuous operation, problems arise since allowance has to be made for the differing revolution speeds of the wheels on bends without risks for the transmission system.

Some cars are fitted with four-wheel drive which is always operative. Theirtransmissionsystemmakesallowancefordifferencesinspeedbetween thefrontandrearwheelsduetothedistancestravelledonturnsandtominor differences in tyre diameter, arising from wear of the treads. This speed variation is permitted by a master differential, which can be locked for operation in extreme conditions to maintain drive.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What drive do most cars have?

2.When do tyres grip better on slippery ground?

3.Which cars have four-wheel drive?

4.Why do problems arise with four-wheel drive?

5.What is the speed variation permitted by?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте герундий в функции обстоятельства.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные от глаголов. Укажите глаголы, от которых они образованы. Переведите обе формы на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

allowance (n.), always (adv.), bend (n.), capable (adj.), common (adj.), compromise(n.),diameter(n.),difference(n.),ice(n.),minor(adj.), powerful (adj.), risk (n.), slippery (adj.), snow (n.), traction (n.), tread (n.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

differ v. – difference n. – different adj. – differential n. capable – capability n.

Урок 2.4

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

Текст А

TRANSMISSION

Final drives/Passing on power to the wheels

On the last stage of its journey to the road wheels, power from the engine passes through the final drive.

This assembly has three tasks to do: it gears down the speed of the propeller shaft to the speed required by the road wheels; it allows the inner wheelonthepoweredaxle toturnmore slowlythan the outerwheelwhena carrounds a bend; and,except whenthe engineismountedacross thecar, it turns the drive through a right angle to drive the wheels.

The flywheel runs at speeds up to 6000 rpm. Such speeds have to be reduced before power is transmitted to the road wheels, which even at 70 mph turn at only 750–1150 rpm.

Thereductionis achieved byan assemblycalledthe crownwheel and pinion.Apiniononthepropellershaftdrives alargergear,thecrownwheel, which is mounted in the centre of the axle housing.

Speed reduction depends on the numbers of teeth used in the crown wheel and pinion. If the pinion has 10 teeth and the crown wheel – 40, the propellershaftturnsfourtimestoturnthe crown wheelandtheroadwheels once. This gives a 4:1 speed reduction.

Thedifferential – a gear systemwhich allows for differences in speed betweenthepoweredwheelswhenroundingabend–rotateswiththecrown wheel. The crown wheel and pinion also turn the drive line through 90°. This is possible because they are bevel gears, meshing with their axes at right angles to each other.

Therearethreetypesofbevelgears–straight,spiralandhypoid-spiral. Straight bevel gears have teeth cut in line with the axes of the shafts, and spiral bevel gears have curved teeth. Hypoid-spiral bevel gears also have curved teeth, but the axes of the wheels are not in the same plane. This means that the centre of the pinion can be set below the centre of the crown wheel, giving a lower propeller shaft.

Notes:

bevel gear [] коническая шестерня crown wheel [] коронная шестерня hypoid gear [] гипоидная шестерня plane [] n. плоскость

spiral gear [] шестерня со спиральными зубьями straight gear [] прямозубая шестерня

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Which tasks does this assembly have to do?

2.What speeds does the flywheel run at?

3.Why do these speeds have to be reduced?

4.What is the reduction of speed achieved by?

5.What does speed reduction depend on?

6.What does differential do?

7.What is the difference between the types of bevel gears?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какимиименно? Как онивэтомслучае переводятсяна русский язык?

curve (v.), journey (n.), last (adj.), pinion (n.), stage (n.), task (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

агрегат,узел;прямойугол;карданныйвал;поездка,движение;ведущая шестерня; поворот; этап, фаза, стадия; задача, задание; главная передача; маховик; дифференциал; разница, различие; тяга, тяговое усилие;

применять,употреблять;достигать,добиваться;изгибаться;проходить; изменяться;определять;происходить;течь,протекать;проектировать; исключать; закрывать, покрывать;

мимо; кольцевой, круговой; вращательный, поворотный; последний; прямой; спиральный; мощный; способный; обычный; похожий, подобный; жёсткий, твёрдый; верхний; прочный, сильный;

тем не менее; хотя; вполне, совсем; один раз; по крайней мере; ниже; даже; почти; на … угол; несколько; против.

Упражнение 3. Перечислите термины, относящиеся к трансмиссии, которые описаны в уроках 2.1–2.4. Дайте их перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие сокращения:

°C; mph;oF; lb; kg; psi; rpm.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1.Переведитеследующиепредложения,определите функцию инфинитива.

1.The increased amounts of heat to be carried away by cooling fluids meanthatthesystemscirculatingthemhavetobeincreasedincapacity.

2.To make a car move is not easy but to make it stop is sometimes a problem too.

3.A mechanical pump to suck up petrol consists of a chamber which is divided by a diaphragm.

4.Theresistancetostop thedifferentialactionisnot enough whenthecar is following a curved path; but it builds up when the driving torque applied to the differential is increased.

5.This assembly has three tasks to do.

6.To reduce the speed to 750–1150 rpm is the task of an assembly called the crown wheel and pinion.

7.The device to enable the engine to cope with the wide variations in the power and torque which are required is a gearbox.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I. Определите его функцию.

1.When developing a new vehicle engine, designers are faced with the problem of more power or less fuel.

2.This means that the centre of the pinion can be set below the centre of the crown wheel, giving a lower propeller shaft.

3.Removing excess oil from the cylinder wall a “scraper” ring returns it to the sump.

4.Depressingtheacceleratorthedriverincreasesthespeedoftheimpeller and the turning effort becomes great enough.

5.Combining two, three or four sets of planets together an automatic gearbox obtains the required number of gear combinations.

6.Whenacceleratingatpartthrottle,thedrivercancauseupwardchanges at much lower speeds.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на придаточные результата.

1.A cover is fitted over the valve gear so that dust and retain oil could be excluded.

2.The noise that is made when waste gases are expelled by the engine is soloud(громкий)thatithastobebrokenupandabsorbedbyasilencer.

3.An increase in torque has the same effect as change to a lower gear so that a torque converter is also a gear reducer acting like an extra set of gears before the engine drive reaches the gearbox.

4.Electronic ignition systems provide strong sparks and are less affected by moisture and dirt on the high-tension cable so that they are almost maintenance-free for 30,000-40,000 miles.

5.The temperatures inside the engine are so high that it requires cooling.

6.The universal joint coupling is splined on to the gearbox output shaft so that it can slide in and out.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to have.

1.Speedshavetobereducedbeforepoweristransmittedtotheroadwheels.

2.This assembly has three tasks to do.

3.By the time exhaust gases leave the silencer, they have expanded sufficientlyand their pressure drops to about that of the outside air and most of the noise has been curbed.

4.When a carturns a corner, the outerwheel hastotravel furtherthanthe inner wheel.

5.Therehastobeasystemwhichpermitsallthegearwheelsexceptthose that are required for a particular ratio to run freely.

6.Oil must have the right viscosity.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конверсию.

1.In four-stroke designs the small cylinderhead has air andexhaust ports and valves.

2.Most cars have two-wheel drive – the engine drives either the back or the front wheels.

3.The transmission system makes allowance for differences in speed between the front and rear wheels due to the distances travelled on turns.

4.Poor lubrication results in a greater rate of wear of an engine.

5.Thebasisformostautomaticgearboxesisasetofgearscalledaplanetary gear train.

Текст B

TRANSMISSION

How the differential allows wheel speeds to differ

When the car rounds a bend, the inner wheels travel a shorter path thantheouterones.Theinnerdrivingwheeldoesn’tskidbecausetheaxleis divided into two half-shafts. Each half-shaft is driven independently bythe differential, so that when the inner wheel slows, the outer wheel speeds up, and the crown wheel turns at the average speed of the wheels.

Thedisadvantageofadifferentialisthatitallowsawheelwhichcannot gripaslipperysurfacetospinattwicethespeedofthecrownwheel,leaving theoppositewheelwithoutamotion.Thisisbecausethedifferentialalways applies equal torque to each road wheel.

This problem is overcome by a limited-slip differential, using selflocking or frictional mechanisms.

In limited-slip differential, clutch cones are fitted between the differential bevel gears and the cage in which they are housed. Springs

betweenthegearspresstheconicalsurfacesintocontact,creatingafrictional resistance to any difference between the speeds of the gear and the cage.

The resistance is not enough to stop the differential action when the car is following a curved path; but it builds up when the driving torque applied to the differential is increased.

Driving torque forces the differential bevel gears apart which adds to the load on the cones and increases their resistance to speed differences between the half-shafts. This prevents wheel-spin.

Notes:

conical [] adj. конический frictional [] adj. фрикционный house [] v. помещать

limited-slip differential [] самоблокирующийся дифференциал повышенного трения

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why doesn’t the inner driving wheel skid?

2.What is the disadvantage of a differential?

3.How is this problem overcome?

4.When does the resistance build up?

5.What prevents wheel spin?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте слова, образованные по способу конверсии. Определите часть речи, которой они являются, и переведите их на русский язык. Укажите другие части речи, к которым они могут относиться, и дайте их перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастие I в функции обстоятельства.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

cage (n.), disadvantage (n.), opposite (adj.),skid (v.), slip (n.), twice (adv.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

allow – allowance connect – connection

Текст C

TRANSMISSION

Axles/Housings for beam axles

Most average-sized front-engine cars with rear-wheel drive are fitted witharigidrearaxleorbeamaxle.Thehalf-shaftsandfinal-driveassembly, which includes the differential, are enclosed by a rigid housing which contains bearings to support the rotating parts.

Usually, itis onlythemoreexpensiverear-drivemodels, orthose with front-wheel drive and therefore no differential at the rear, which have independent suspension on the back wheels.

There are two main types of axle housing. In one, the banjo axle, the axle is a single unit and the final drive assembly is carried in a separate casing which is bolted to the axle housing. In the other, a central housing contains the final drive and is fitted with a tube at each side.

Axles are classified accordingto theway in which the half-shafts and wheel hubs are supported. In all types the inner ends of the half-shafts are connected to the gears of the differential.

In the semi-floating axle each half-shaft is supported at its inner end by a bearing which also carries the final drive unit.At the outer end there is a bearing between the shaft and the inside of the axle housing. The halfshaft has to withstand bending loads imposed by the weight of the car, as well as transmit torque.

Thethree-quarterfloatingaxlealsohasabearinginsidetheaxlehousing which carries the final-drive unit, but the outer bearing is placed between the wheel hub and the axle housing, in order to support the weight of the car. The half-shaft is subjected to a bending load only during cornering.

In a fully floating axle, there are two bearings between each hub and theaxlehousing,andthesecarryboththeweightofthecarandthecornering forces. This design is rarely used for cars.

In front-drive cars and in independently sprung rear-drive cars, each hub is supported by two bearings.

Coping with twisting forces

When power is transmittedto therearaxle byan openpropellershaft, torque reaction twists the axle on its springs. This can be prevented if the propellershaftisenclosedinatorquetube,whichformsarigidextensionof the axle housing. The torque tube is bolted to the axle housing and is connectedtothe gearboxat its front endbya large spherical bearingso that it resists the torque reaction.

Direct drive to front or rear wheels

In the search for improved ride and handling, designers have adopted independent frontsuspensionand, on some cars,independent suspensionis also used at the rear instead of a beam axle.

There are several basic layouts of final drive where suspension is independent, according to whether the front or rear wheels are involved and whether the engine is longitudinal (alongthe car) or transverse (across the car).

Iftheengineisinstalledalongthelineofthecar,itis usualtosandwich thefinaldrivebetweenitandthegearboxforcompactness.Thenormaltype of hypoid-bevel unit is used, but in a common housing with the gearbox.

With a transverse engine, the final drive is parallel to the crankshaft and helical gears can be used instead of bevel gears. The gearbox can be placed either at the end of the engine or under it where space is limited.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What are most front-engine cars with rear-wheel drive fitted with?

2.Which cars have independent suspension on the back wheels?

3.What is the difference between two types of axle housing?

4.How are axles classified?

5.Whatare thefeatures(характерные особенности)ofasemi-floating axle?

6.What are the features of a three-quarter floating axle?

7.What are the features of a fully floating axle?

8.Howcantorquereaction,whichtwiststheaxleonitssprings,becoped with?

9.What does the basic layout of final drive depend on?

10.Whatis the layoutoffinaldrivewhentheengineis installedalongthe line of the car?

11.What is the layout of final drive with a transverse engine?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и словосочетания, которые использованывтексте длядомашнегочтения.Найдите те ихперевод в списке В.

Урок 2.5

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

BRAKES

How brakes work.Operation of drum and disc brakes

A brake works by causing friction between a non-rotating part of the caranda disc or drum which turns witha road wheel. Frictionproduces the force needed to slow the car, and converts the energyof the moving vehicle into heat which disperses into the air around the brakes.

For many years the rotating part of a brake consisted of a drum with whichtwoalternativekindsoffrictionmechanismcouldbeused:anexternal bandwhichcontractedaroundthedrum,orinternal“shoes”whichexpanded