3 курс / Патологическая физиология / Норма и патология Мусатов М.И

< jZfdZo NK <HD jZajZ[hlZgu ghjfZlb\gu_ ^hdmf_glu j_]eZf_glbjmxsb_ dZd kh[kl\_ggh kihkh[u b f_lh^u \g_rg_]h dhgljhey lZd b ijZ\beZ \gmljbeZ[hjZlhjgh]h dhgljhey dZq_kl\Z dhebq_kl\_gguo bkke_^h\Zgbc

£ОФУСЙМБВПСБУПСОЬК ЛПОУСПМЭ ЛБШЖТУГБ ЛПМЙШЖТУГЖООЬЦ ЙТТМЖЕПГБОЙК

Ih^ kbkl_fhc \gmljbeZ[hjZlhjgh]h dhgljhey ihgbfZxlky ijZ\beZ iha\heyxsb_ \uy\blv b mkljZgblv g_^himklbfu_ kemqZcgu_ b kbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ ih]j_rghklb dhebq_kl\_ggh]h ZgZebaZ [bhfZl_jbZeh\ k p_evx h[_ki_qblv khhl\_lkl\b_ \uihegy_fuo bkke_^h\Zgbc mklZgh\e_gguf ghjfZf lhqghklb

BklhqgbdZfb ih]j_rghkl_c \uy\ey_fuo kbkl_fhc \gmljbeZ[hjZlhjgh]h dhgljhey dZq_kl\Z fh]ml [ulv \gmlj_ggb_ eZ[hjZlhjgu_ b \g_rgb_ nZdlhju D \g_rgbf nZdlhjZf hlghkylky ijbgpbi ZgZeblbq_kdh]h f_lh^Z dZq_kl\h ijb[hjh\ b j_Zdlb\h\ dZeb[jh\hqguo kj_^kl\ D \gmlj_ggbf± g_kh[ex^_gb_ mkeh\bc mklZgh\e_gguo f_lh^bdhc ijh\_^_gby ZgZeblbq_kdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby \j_f_gb l_fi_jZlmju h[t_fh\ ijZ\be ijb]hlh\e_gby b ojZg_gby j_Zdlb\h\ b l i

Kbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ b kemqZcgu_ ih]j_rghklb \uy\eyxlky k ihfhsvx fgh]hdjZlgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby dhgljhevgh]h fZl_jbZeZ \ ZgZeblbq_kdbo k_jbyo

< ijZdlbd_ debgbq_kdhc ZgZeblbdb keh`beZkv jy^ l_jfbgh\ [hevrbgkl\h ba dhlhjuo bglmblb\gh ihgylgu gh fh]ml hlebqZlvky hl ]ehkkZjby ^hdZaZl_evghc f_^bpbgu beb [bhklZlbklbdb Ihkdhevdm f_^bdm ex[hc ki_pbZevghklb lZd beb bgZq_ ijb^_lky bf_lv ^_eh k ^hdmf_glZfb NK <HD g_h[oh^bfh hklZgh\blvky gZ hkgh\guo l_jfbgZo b hij_^_e_gbyo

x :gZeblbq_kdZy k_jby ± kh\hdmighklv baf_j_gbc eZ[hjZlhjgh]h ihdZaZl_ey \uiheg_gguo _^bgh\j_f_ggh \ h^gbo b l_o `_ mkeh\byo [_a i_j_gZkljhcdb b dZeb[jh\db ZgZeblbq_kdhc kbkl_fu FZdkbfZevgh_ qbkeh hij_^_e_gbc \ ZgZeblbq_kdhc k_jbb g_ ghjfbjm_lky

x <ZjbZ[_evghklv baf_j_gbc ± kf H[sZy \hkijhba\h^bfhklv

x <gmljbk_jbcgZy \hkijhba\h^bfhklv koh^bfhklv baf_j_gbc± dZq_kl\h baf_j_gbc hljZ`Zxs__ [ebahklv ^jm] d ^jm]m j_amevlZlh\ baf_j_gbc \uihegy_fuo \ h^ghc b lhc `_ ZgZeblbq_kdhc k_jbb

x >_nbgblb\gu_ f_lh^u ± kf HdhgqZl_evgu_ f_lh^u

x Dhgljhevgu_ fZl_jbZeu ± h^ghjh^guc fZl_jbZe j_amevlZlu bkke_^h\Zgby dhlhjh]h bkihevamxlky ^ey hp_gdb ih]j_rghklb \uihegy_fh]h ZgZeblbq_kdh]h baf_j_gby DF Dhgljhevguc fZl_jbZe g_ fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zg h^gh\j_f_ggh \ dZq_kl\_ dZeb[jh\hqgh]h Ijb \gmljbeZ[hjZlhjghf dhgljhe_ bkihevamxlky DF ijhfure_ggh]h ba]hlh\e_gby ^hims_ggu_ \ mklZgh\e_gghf ihjy^d_ d ijbf_g_gbx gZ l_jjblhjbb Jhkkbb LZdb_ DF [u\Zxl k mklZgh\e_ggufb agZq_gbyfb iZjZf_ljh\ b bo bkihevamxl ^ey dhgljhey ijZ\bevghklb b \hkijhba\h^bfhklb b DF k g_mklZgh\e_ggufb agZq_gbyfb± ^ey dhgljhey lhevdh \hkijhba\h^bfhklb < jy^_ kemqZ_\ ^himklbfh bkihevah\Zgb_ DF kh[kl\_ggh]h ba]hlh\e_gby

GZ[hj dhfihg_glh\ \oh^ysbo \ DF bgZq_ gZau\Z_lky fZljbp_c Ih^ lbihf fZljbpu ihgbfZ_lky __ \b^h\h_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ ^himklbfh bkihevah\Zgb_ dhfihg_glh\ `b\hlgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby DF ^he`gu bkke_^h\Zlvky lZd `_ dZd h[uqgu_ ijh[u iZpb_glh\ l _ \ l_o `_ k_jbyo b \ l_o `_ mkeh\byo

x F_`k_jbcgZy \hkijhba\h^bfhklv ± dZq_kl\h

baf_j_gbc hljZ`Zxs__ [ebahklv ^jm] d ^jm]m

j_amevlZlh\ baf_j_gbc \uihegy_fuo \ jZaguo

ZgZeblbq_kdbo k_jbyo

x H[sZy \hkijhba\h^bfhklv ± dZq_kl\h baf_j_gbc hljZ`Zxs__ [ebahklv ^jm] d ^jm]m j_amevlZlh\ \k_o baf_j_gbc hij_^_ey_lky \gmljbk_jbcghc b f_`k_jbcghc \hkijhba\h^bfhklvx H[jZlguf ihgylbx \hkijhba\h^bfhklb y\ey_lky ihgylb_ \ZjbZ[_evghklb baf_j_gbc y\eyxs_cky f_jhc jZaebqbc bo j_amevlZlh\

x HdhgqZl_evgu_ ^_nbgblb\gu_ f_lh^u ± hlebqZxsb_ky gZb\ukrbfb lhqghklgufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb ^hklb`bfufb gZ kh\j_f_gghf mjh\g_ gZmdb b l_ogbdb Bkihevamxlky ^ey hp_gdb j_n_j_glguo f_lh^h\

x Ih]j_rghklv baf_j_gby ± hldehg_gb_ j_amevlZlZ baf_j_gby hl bklbggh]h agZq_gby baf_jy_fhc \_ebqbgu

x IjZ\bevghklv baf_j_gbc ± dZq_kl\h baf_j_gbc hljZ`Zxs__ [ebahklv d gmex kbkl_fZlbq_kdbo ih]j_rghkl_c \ bo j_amevlZlZo

x J_n_j_glgu_ f_lh^u ± h[eZ^Zxsb_ [he__ \ukhdhc lhqghklvx q_f jmlbggu_ b bkihevam_fu_ ^ey bo Zll_klZpbb ^ey gZkljhcdb ijb[hjh\ ZgZebaZ b ba]hlh\e_gby dhgljhevguo fZl_jbZeh\ b dZeb[jZlhjh\

x Jmlbggu_ f_lh^u ± ih\k_^g_\gh bkihevam_fu_ \ eZ[hjZlhjghc ijZdlbd_ ^hklmigu_ ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby b ^hklZlhqgu_ ^ey debgbq_kdhc ^bZ]ghklbdb gh f_g__ lhqgu_ q_f j_n_j_glgu_ < kihjguo kemqZyo ^Zggu_ jmlbgguo f_lh^h\ i_j_ijh\_jyxlky k ihfhsvx j_n_j_glguo

x Kbkl_fZlbq_kdZy ih]j_rghklv baf_j_gby ± khklZ\eyxsZy ih]j_rghklb baf_j_gby hklZxsZyky ihklhygghc beb aZdhghf_jgh baf_gyxsZyky ijb ih\lhjguo baf_j_gbyo h^ghc b lhc `_ \_ebqbgu KIB oZjZdl_jbam_l ijZ\bevghklv baf_j_gbc b hij_^_ey_lky kl_i_gvx kh\iZ^_gby kj_^g_]h j_amevlZlZ ih\lhjguo baf_j_gbc dhgljhevgh]h fZl_jbZeZ b mklZgh\e_ggh]h agZq_gby baf_jy_fhc \_ebqbgu JZaghklv f_`^m gbfb gZau\Z_lky \_ebqbghc kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ih]j_rghklb beb kf_s_gb_f k^\b]hf ELDV b fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_gZ \ Z[khexlguo beb hlghkbl_evguo \_ebqbgZo KIB \ujZ`_ggZy \ hlghkbl_evguo \_ebqbgZo beb hlghkbl_evgZy kbkl_fZlbq_kdZy ih]j_rghklv jZkkqblu\Z_lky \ ijhp_glZo ih nhjfme_ ]^_

± kj_^g__ agZq_gb_ baf_j_gbc dhgljhevgh]h fZl_jbZeZ MA mklZgh\e_ggh_ agZq_gb_

x KemqZcgZy ih]j_rghklv baf_j_gby ± khklZ\eyxsZy ih]j_rghklb baf_j_gby baf_gyxsZyky kemqZcguf h[jZahf ijb ih\lhjguo baf_j_gbyo h^ghc b lhc `_ \_ebqbgu WlZ ih]j_rghklv hljZ`Z_l jZa[jhk baf_j_gbc b ijhy\ey_lky \ jZaebqbb f_`^m kh[hc j_amevlZlh\

ih\lhjguo baf_j_gbc hij_^_ey_fh]h ihdZaZl_ey \ h^ghc b lhc `_ ijh[_ KemqZcgu_ ih]j_rghklb h[mkeh\eb\Zxlky \ebygb_f [hevrh]h qbkeZ nZdlhjh\ dhlhju_ g_evay \u^_eblv mq_klv ih hl^_evghklb b iheghklvx mkljZgblv FZl_fZlbq_kdb \_ebqbgZ kemqZcghc ih]j_rghklb \ujZ`Z_lky kj_^g_d\Z^jZlbq_kdbf hldehg_gb_f 6

G beb 6' ± hl VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ beb dhwnnbpb_glhf \ZjbZpbb &9 dhlhju_ jZkkqblu\Zxlky h[uqguf kihkh[hf

x Km[kljZl bkke_^h\Zgby ± \ dZq_kl\_ km[kljZlZ ih^jZamf_\Z_lky q_eh\_d ^Z`_ _keb ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby [_j_lky dZdZy eb[h [bheh]bq_kdZy `b^dhklv beb njZ]f_gl ldZgb± hij_^_ey_fu_ \ gbo ijbagZdb hlghkylky bf_ggh d wlhfm q_eh\_dm < ijbgpbi_ f_^bpbgZ fh`_l bamqZlv b ^jm]b_ \b^u `b\uo kms_kl\ Z lZd`_ h[t_dlu g_`b\hc ijbjh^u

x Lhqghklv baf_j_gbc ± dZq_kl\h baf_j_gbc hljZ`Zxs__ [ebahklv bo j_amevlZlh\ d bklbgghfm agZq_gbx baf_jy_fhc \_ebqbgu <ukhdZy lhqghklv baf_j_gbc khhl\_lkl\m_l fZeuf ih]j_rghklyf \k_o \b^h\ dZd kbkl_fZlbq_kdbo lZd b kemqZcguo

x MklZgh\e_ggh_ agZq_gb_ ± f_lh^ aZ\bkbfh_ agZq_gb_ hij_^_ey_fh]h ihdZaZl_ey mdZau\Z_fh_ ba]hlh\bl_e_f dhgljhevgh]h fZl_jbZeZ \ iZkihjl_ beb bgkljmdpbb < ih^Z\eyxs_f [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h[ bklbgghf agZq_gbb ijbagZdZ ih^jZamf_\Z_lky MA

°ПСаЕПЛ РСПГЖЕЖОЙа ГОФУСЙМБВПСБУПСОПДП ЛПОУСПМа ЛБШЖТУГБ

<djZlp_ ijhp_^mjZ hij_^_e_gby \gmljbk_jbcghc \hkijhba\h^bfhklb f_lh^bdb hkms_kl\ey_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf

Ijh\h^blky baf_j_gbc hij_^_ey_fh]h ihdZaZl_ey \ h^ghf b lhf `_ fZl_jbZe_ dhgljhevguc fZl_jbZe beb ijh[Z iZpb_glZ kh agZq_gb_f hij_^_ey_fh]h ihdZaZl_ey \ ghjfZevghf ^bZiZahg_ \ h^ghc b lhc `_ ZgZeblbq_kdhc k_jbb Ba ihemq_gguo j_amevlZlh\ jZkkqblu\Z_lky dhwnnbpb_gl \gmljbk_jbcghc \ZjbZpbb f_lh^bdb &9<K b ijh\_jy_lky qlh hg g_ ij_\urZ_l iheh\bgu ij_^_evgh ^himklbfh]h agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ h[s_c ZgZeblbq_kdhc \ZjbZpbb ^ey baf_j_gbc

Wlb ij_^_evgh ^himklbfu_ agZq_gby ^ey hkgh\guo ZgZeblbq_kdbo f_lh^h\ hij_^_e_gu ki_pbZebklZfb NK <HD ih dhgljhevguf fZl_jbZeZf b him[ebdh\Zgu \ \b^_ ki_pbZevguo lZ[ebp GZijbf_j ijb hij_^_e_gbb dhebq_kl\Z wjbljhpblh\ ij_^_evgh ^himklbfh_ agZq_gb_ &9 ^ey ZgZeblbq_kdhc k_jbb ba hij_^_e_gbc khklZ\ey_l “^ey k_jbb ba hij_^_e_gbc± “

xHij_^_e_gb_ \hkijhba\h^bfhklb f_lh^Z± wlh hij_^_e_gb_ mjh\gy kemqZcguo ih]j_rghkl_c

?keb b^_l l_klbjh\Zgb_ f_lh^Z ^ey dhlhjh]h bf_xlky Zll_klh\Zggu_ dhgljhevgu_ fZl_jbZeu lh ih

j_amevlZlZf ihemq_gguf ^ey dZ`^h]h ba Zll_klh\Zgguo fZl_jbZeh\ jZkkqblu\Zxl \_ebqbgu hlghkbl_evgh]h kf_s_gby < dhlhju_ g_ ^he`gu ij_\urZlv ij_^_evgh ^himklbfuo agZq_gbc >ey f_lh^Z hij_^_e_gby kh^_j`Zgby wjbljhpblh\ \ k_jbyo ba b hij_^_e_gbc hgb khklZ\eyxl khhl\_lkl\_ggh“b “

xHij_^_e_gb_ kf_s_gby± wlh hp_gdZ kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ih]j_rghklb f_lh^Z

?keb ^Zggu_ \ ZgZeblbq_kdbo k_jbyo ba hij_^_e_gbc hdZau\Zxlky dhjj_dlgufb lh j_dhf_g^m_lky ijh\_klb ^hihegbl_evgu_ hij_^_e_gby \ ^ey k_jbc ba

hij_^_e_gbc ?keb ^Zggu_ ih \_ebqbgZf kf_s_gby b \ZjbZpbb ij_\urZxl mklZgh\e_ggu_ agZq_gby lh g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_klb ZgZeba \uy\blv bklhqgbdb hrb[hd b mkljZgblv bo eb[h \u[jZlv ^jm]hc ZgZeblbq_kdbc f_lh^ KjZam ijbklmiZlv d jZ[hl_ k k_jb_c \ hij_^_e_gbc g_p_e_khh[jZagh ihlhfm qlh fh`_l m`_ \ k_jby ba

hij_^_e_gbc fh`_l ihdZaZlv gZebqb_ g_mkljZgbfuo hrb[hd b ihlj_[h\Zlv kf_gu f_lh^Z

M klm^_glZ _s_ g_ agZdhfh]h k debgbq_kdhc ijZdlbdhc fh`_l keh`blvky \i_qZle_gb_ qlh \k_ wlb oehihlu gm`gu eZ[hjZlhjbb ^ey ihemq_gby dZdh]h eb[h k_jlbnbdZlZ b gZihfbgZxl keh`guc wdaZf_g± gZ^h ih^gZijyqvky k^Zlv± b aZ[ulv GZ kZfhf `_ ^_e_ agZgb_ ihdZaZl_e_c dZq_kl\Z f_lh^h\ \ jZ[hl_ f_^bdZ g_h[oh^bfu dZ`^uc ^_gv

NZdlbq_kdb j_amevlZl h^ghdjZlgh]h baf_j_gby gZijbf_j mke _^bgbp ihemq_gguc k bkihevah\Zgb_f dhebq_kl\_ggh]h f_lh^Z y\ey_lky g_ ^bkdj_lghc \_ebqbghc Z bgl_j\Zehf ?keb dhwnnbpb_gl \ZjbZpbb khklZ\ey_l lh ih\lhjgu_ baf_j_gby \ lhf `_ km[kljZl_ \ kemqZyo ba ^Z^ml ^bZiZahg agZq_gbc

“&9 \ ^Zgghf ijbf_j_“m _ l _ ex[h_ ba agZq_gbc hl ^h m _ Z \ kemqZyo ba l _“

&9± ex[h_ agZq_gb_ hl ^h m _ GZijbf_j f_lh^ ih^kq_lZ dhebq_kl\Z wjbljhpblh\ k ihfhsvx kq_lghc dZf_ju k k_ldhc =hjy_\Z ^Z`_ \ hiulguo jmdZo ^Z_l dhwnnbpb_gl \ZjbZpbb \ _keb ih^kqblu\Zehkv

wjbljhpblh\ b _keb < ihke_^g_f kemqZ_ j_amevlZl ih^kq_lZ ˜ wjbljhpblh\ \ ff fh`_l hagZqZlv ex[h_ agZq_gb_ ba bgl_j\ZeZ ˜ ±˜

:gZeh]bqgZy dZjlbgZ gZ[ex^Z_lky b ijb khihklZ\e_gbb dZf_jgh]h b Z\lhfZlbq_kdh]h ih^kq_lZ e_cdhpblh\ jbk Klhbl hlf_lblv qlh wlhl jbkmghd \hkijhba\h^blky ba _\jhi_ckdh]h bklhqgbdZ khjhdZe_lg_c ^Z\ghklb

Jbkmghd Ih^kq_l dhebq_kl\Z e_cdhpblh\ \ ff \

ijh[Zo djh\b h^gh]h b lh]h `_ [hevgh]h

DjZkgZy ebgby± ih^kq_l \ dZf_j_ q_jgZy ebgby± ih^kq_l k ihfhsvx we_dljhggh]h kq_lqbdZ

Ih %RURYLF]HQ\ . *ba Lh^hjh\Z k baf_g_gbyfb

Lh^hjh\ C Debgbq_kdb_ eZ[hjZlhjgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby \ i_^bZljbb R_klh_ jmkkdh_ ba^Zgb_ Khnby

>Zggh_ ihkh[b_ y\ey_lky qZklvx kZclZ KWWS ZZZ QVX UX HGXFDWLRQ SDWK

< gZklhys__ \j_fy \k_ ijhba\h^bl_eb jZ[hlZxsb_ gZ fbjh\hf mjh\g_ \ h[yaZl_evghf ihjy^d_ mdZau\Zxl ihdZaZl_ev \hkijhba\h^bfhklb \ k_jlbnbdZl_ ZgZeblbq_kdhc kbkl_fu Wlh hkh[_ggh \Z`gh ijb jZkihagZ\Zgbb k_jv_aguo m]jh`Zxsbo `bagb aZ[he_\Zgbc

<Z`guf f_lh^hf ih\k_^g_\gh]h \gmljbeZ[hjZlhjgh]h dhgljhey y\ey_lky khklZ\e_gb_ dhgljhevghc dZjlu Wlhl f_lh^ [ue jZajZ[hlZg \ KR: b kgZqZeZ ijbf_gyeky ^ey dhgljhey dZq_kl\Z ba^_ebc \ ijhfure_gghklb Z \ gZqZe_

o ]h^h\± b ^ey dhgljhey eZ[hjZlhjguo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ f_^bpbg_ Hg b ih k_c ^_gv hklZ_lky hkgh\guf f_lh^hf ih\k_^g_\gh]h \gmlj_gg_]h dhgljhey b _]h ijh\_^_gb_ ij_^ibkZgh NK <HD < _]h hkms_kl\e_gbb _klv jy^ gxZgkh\ gh \djZlp_ kmlv k\h^blky d ke_^mxs_fm

>ey dZ`^h]h dhgljhevgh]h fZl_jbZeZ kljhblky k\hy dhgljhevgZy dZjlZ ?keb f_lh^ bkihevam_l \ dZq_kl\_ km[kljZlZ gZijbf_j ku\hjhldm djh\b lh ]hlh\ylky Zebd\hlu dhgljhevghc ku\hjhldb aZfhjZ`b\Zxlky b ojZgylky JZafhjZ`b\Zy ih h^ghc ijh[_ \ ^_gv \ g_c hij_^_eyxl dhgljhebjm_fuc iZjZf_lj b j_amevlZlu gZghkyl gZ ]jZnbd ]^_ ih 2; hldeZ^u\Z_lky ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j ijh[u Z ih hkb 2< ± __ agZq_gb_ Ihke_

agZq_gbc jZkkqblu\Z_lky kj_^gyy Zjbnf_lbq_kdZy b klZg^Zjlgh_ hldehg_gb_ 6' b gZ ]jZnbd_ ijh\h^ylky ]hjbahglZevgu_ ebgbb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ kj_^g_c b “lj_f 6' WlZ qZklv ]jZnbdZ khhl\_lkl\m_l ij_^\Zjbl_evghfm i_jbh^m

LZdhc ihjy^hd ihkljh_gby ]jZnbdZ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h i_jbh^Z baeh`_g \ jmdh\h^kl\_> @NK <HD ^himkdZ_l ^ey

wlh]h bkihevah\Zgb_ ^Zgguo ihemq_gguo ijb hij_^_e_gbb \gmljbk_jbcghc ih]j_rghklb ^ey k_jbb \

gZ[ex^_gbc ohly \ dZq_kl\_ h[jZapZ ijb\h^bl ]jZnbd ^ey

o hij_^_e_gbc Hq_\b^gh qlh q_f [hevr_ hij_^_e_gbc bkihevah\Zgh \ ij_^\Zjbl_evguc i_jbh^ l_f emqr_ ihkdhevdm lh]^Z ^Zggu_ [m^ml [he__ khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv Zijbhjgh ih^jZamf_\Z_fhfm ghjfZevghfm oZjZdl_jm jZkij_^_e_gby

AZl_f \ ijhp_kk_ ih\k_^g_\ghc jZ[hlu eZ[hjZlhjbb g_ bgnhjfbjmy h[ wlhf i_jkhgZe d l_dmsbf h[jZapZf ^ey ZgZebaZ ^h[Z\ey_lky h^bg ba jZafhjh`_gguo \ wlhl ^_gv dhgljhevguo h[jZaph\ >Zggu_ ih wlbf ijh[Zf aZghkylky \ ijZ\mx qZklv ]jZnbdZ ]^_ ih hkb 2; hlf_qZ_lky ^ZlZ WlZ qZklv ]jZnbdZ gZau\Z_lky dhgljhevguf i_jbh^hf ?keb agZq_gby dhgljhevghc ijh[u \uoh^yl aZ 6' \

ex[mx klhjhgm lh ZgZebabjmxlky _s_ dhgljhevgu_ ijh[u ?keb hgb hdZau\Zxlky \ ij_^_eZo“6' lh j_amevlZl i_j\hc dhgljhevghc ijh[u kqblZ_lky kemqZcghc hrb[dhc b hklZevgu_ j_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc i_j_^Zxlky debgbpbklZf ?keb h[_ ih\lhjgu_ dhgljhevgu_ ijh[u \uoh^yl aZ ljb kb]fu lh hgb \f_kl_ k ij_^u^msbfb ©\ukdZdb\ZxsbfbªagZq_gbyfbªkqblZxlky m`_ kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc hrb[dhc± \ wlhf kemqZ_ jZ[hlZ ijbhklZgZ\eb\Z_lky b \uykgy_lky ijbqbgZ \hagbdgh\_gby wlhc kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ih]j_rghklb Kljmdlmjm dhgljhevghc dZjlu ihykgy_l jbkmghd

Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh g_l g_^hklZldZ b \ dhfivxl_jguo ijh]jZffZo kha^Zgguo ^ey ojZg_gby b h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo ZgZeblbq_kdbo eZ[hjZlhjbc kljhysbo \ lhf qbke_ b dhgljhevgu_ dZjlu

¨БЛМЯШЖОЙЖ

DZd hlf_qZehkv \ gZqZe_ ^Zggh]h ihkh[by b eZ[hjZlhjgZy ZgZeblbdZ b debgbq_kdZy wib^_fbheh]by bf_xl h[sb_ f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ mklZgh\db G_kfhljy gZ bf_xsb_ky jZaebqby \ l_jfbgheh]bb \ j_r_gbb fgh]bo aZ^Zq hgb bkihevamxl h^bgZdh\u_ bgkljmf_glu JZaebqby `_ f_`^m gbfb hij_^_eyxlky ki_pbnbdhc mjh\g_c hj]ZgbaZpbb hj]ZgbafZ q_eh\_dZ b gZ^hj]Zgbaf_gguo mjh\g_c eZ[hjZlhjgZy ZgZeblbdZ dZd ijZ\beh bf__l ^_eh k km[kljZlZfb fhe_dmeyjgh de_lhqgh]h b ldZg_\h]h mjh\g_c Z debgbq_kdZy wib^_fbheh]by± k ijbagZdZfb \ ]jmiiZo ex^_c± [hevguo beb a^hjh\uo h[t_^bg_gguo \ \u[hjdb jZaebqghc \_ebqbgu H^gZdh f_lh^bq_kdb_ ijb_fu ihemq_gby nZdlh\ \_kvfZ koh`b Z dh]^Z ^_eh ^hoh^bl ^h ZgZebaZ ihemq_gguo nZdlh\ lh bkihevamxlky djbl_jbb ijbdeZ^ghc klZlbklbdb

<iheg_ \hafh`gh qlh q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy hliZ^_l g_h[oh^bfhklv ]h\hjblv h ijZ\beZo ^hdZaZl_evghc f_^bpbgu± ^ey wlh]h \k_]h ebrv g_h[oh^bfh qlh[u \jZqb e_q_[gbdb bkihevah\Zeb l_ogheh]bb ^bZ]ghklbdb b e_q_gby k ^hdZaZgghc wnn_dlb\ghklvx

< gZklhys__ `_ \j_fy f_^bpbgZ gZmqgZy l _ hkgh\ZggZy gZ nZdlZo khkms_kl\m_l k hklZevghc

< jZfdZo gZklhys_]h ihkh[by fu klj_fbebkv ^Zlv ohly [u gZqZevgu_ ij_^klZ\e_gby h f_lh^Zo ihemq_gby nZdlh\ \ f_^bpbgkdbo bkke_^h\Zgbyo H^gZdh kqblZ_f g_h[oh^bfuf hq_gv djZldh jZkkfhlj_lv g_dhlhju_ \hijhku bkke_^h\Zgby \u[hjhqguo ]jmii \ kbem bo \Z`ghklb GZ jbkmgd_ ihdZaZgh ^\b`_gb_ ijhp_kkZ bkke_^h\Zgby± hl nhjfbjh\Zgby \u[hjhqghc ]jmiiu ^h jZkijhkljZg_gby ihemq_gguo ^Zgguo gZ ]_g_jZevgmx kh\hdmighklv

Jbkmghd >hklh\_jghklv b h[h[sZ_fhklv gZ[ex^_gbc Ih bklhqgbdm> @k baf_g_gbyfb

Ijb nhjfbjh\Zgbb \u[hjhqguo ]jmii dexq_\ufb y\eyxlky ^\Z fhf_glZ± \h i_j\uo ijhp_^mjZ jZg^hfbaZpbb b \h \lhjuo± hij_^_e_gb_ g_h[oh^bfh]h jZaf_jZ \u[hjdb

Ijhp_^mjZ jZg^hfbaZpbb UDQGRPL]DWLRQ \ ^hdZaZl_evghc f_^bpbg_ aZgbfZ_l h^gh ba p_gljZevguo f_kl HgZ h[_ki_qb\Z_l kemqZcgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ h[ke_^m_fuo ebp \ wdki_jbf_glZevgmx b dhgljhevgmx

]jmiiu Kms_kl\mxl dhgdj_lgu_ ijb_fu jZg^hfbaZpbb gh kmlv aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh[u bkdexqblv ex[mx ij_^\aylhklv± ij_^gZf_j_ggmx beb g_ij_^gZf_j_ggmx GZijbf_j ihke_ lh]h dZd g_dhlhjZy ]jmiiZ ebp ihke_ lsZl_evgh]h h[ke_^h\Zgby ijbagZgZ h^ghjh^ghc __ ^_e_gb_ gZ ^\_ ih^]jmiiu hiulgmx b dhgljhevgmx ^he`gh hkms_kl\eylvky lhevdh ih \he_ KemqZy Z g_ ih mkfhlj_gbx \jZq_c b beb bkke_^h\Zl_e_c DklZlb kdZaZlv ijb bkiulZgbyo e_dZjkl\_gguo ij_iZjZlh\ \h fgh]bo kljZgZo ih^h[gu_ dexq_\u_ fhf_glu dhgljhebjm_lky g_aZ\bkbfufb wdki_jlZfb

JZaf_j \u[hjdb lZd`_ hq_gv \Z`guc ihdZaZl_ev dhlhjuc iha\hey_l bkdexqblv kemqZcghklb \ dZq_kl\_ h[tykg_gby hkgh\gh]h j_amevlZlZ G_j_^dh b k_cqZk jZaf_j ]jmii gZijbf_j ^ey ^bkk_jlZpbhgghc jZ[hlu hij_^_ey_lky ihqlh qlh ih^khagZl_evgh [hevguo fZeh\Zlh Z \hl m`_ kheb^g__ H^gZdh \ gZklhys__ \j_fy jZaf_j hiulguo b dhgljhevguo \u[hjhd fh`_l hij_^_eylvky h[t_dlb\gh gZ hkgh\Zgbb jy^Z qZklhlguo ihdZaZl_e_c \ qZklghklb ih ij_^\Zjbl_evghc hp_gd_ qZklhlu bkoh^h\ f_`^m ]jmiiZfb G_j_^dh hl^_evguc dhee_dlb\ ijhklh g_ \ khklhygbb ijh\_klb bkke_^h\Zgby \ g_h[oh^bfhf h[t_f_ _keb j_qv b^_l gZijbf_j h keh`ghc l_ogheh]bb e_q_gby beb bkke_^h\Zgbb [hevguo aZ[he_\Zgb_f k hlghkbl_evgh gbadhc jZkijhkljZg_gghklvx < wlbo kemqZyo bkihevamxlky fgh]hp_gljh\u_ bkiulZgby dh]^Z bkke_^h\Zgby ijh\h^ylky h^gh\j_f_ggh b g_j_^dh \ jZaguo kljZgZo ih mgbnbpbjh\Zgghfm ijhlhdhem Z aZl_f h[h[sZxlky

?keb \u[hjdZ knhjfbjh\ZgZ dhjj_dlgh b bkke_^h\Zgby ijh\_^_gu ijZ\bevgh lh]^Z fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh

^hklh\_jghklv bkke_^h\Zgby LQWHUQDO YDOLGLW\

^hklb]gmlZ

x < hlghr_gbb \k_]h bkke_^h\Zgby _]h ^hklh\_jghklv y\ey_lky f_jhc lh]h gZkdhevdh ihemq_ggu_ j_amevlZlu kijZ\_^eb\u \ hlghr_gbb ^Zgghc \u[hjdb

Wlh± \gmlj_ggyy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ bkke_^h\Zgby

Bgufb keh\Zfb ^hklh\_jghklv bkke_^h\Zgby ^hklb]gmlZ lh]^Z dh]^Z j_ljhki_dlb\guc \a]ey^ gZ ijh\_^_ggmx jZ[hlm iha\hey_l aZdexqblv qlh

± b^_y \u[hjhqghc ]jmiiu [ueZ \_jghc b hl[hj ebp \ g__ ijhr_e mki_rgh lZd dZd mjh\_gv hrb[hd ijb hl[hj_ g_ bkdZabe dZq_kl\_gghc kmlb wlhc ]jmiiu

± mjh\_gv kbkl_fZlbq_kdbo hrb[hd ijb h[ke_^h\Zgbb hlh[jZgguo ebp eZ[hjZlhjgufb debgbq_kdbfb f_lh^Zfb g_ ij_\urZe ^himklbfu_ mjh\gb

± ^Zggu_ bkdZ`_ggu_ kemqZcgufb hrb[dZfb [ueb h[gZjm`_gu b m^Ze_gu

± kbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ hrb[db ba aZ \f_rb\Zxsboky nZdlhjh\ \h\j_fy hlke_`b\Zebkv b ih \hafh`ghklb mqblu\Zebkv Ih^ \f_rb\Zxsbfbky nZdlhjZfb

FRQIRXQGLQJ IDFWRUV ihgbfZxlky g_aZieZgbjh\Zggu_ \ha^_ckl\by gZ h[t_dl bkke_^h\Zgby kms_kl\_ggh baf_gyxsb_ _]h k\hckl\Z GZijbf_j \h \j_fy ^ebl_evgh]h gZ[ex^_gby aZ g_dhlhjhc ]jmiihc hlh[jZgguo ebp qZklv ba gbo i_j_[he_eZ ]jbiihf

< dhgl_dkl_ jbkmgdZ j_qv b^_l h[ h[ke_^h\Zgbb ebp [hevguo g_dhlhjuf aZ[he_\Zgb_f =_g_jZevgmx kh\hdmighklv khklZ\yl \k_ lZdb_ iZpb_glu \h \k_f fbj_ \ ^Zggh_ \j_fy < hlghr_gbb \j_f_gb gZ^h bf_lv \ \b^m qlh jZkkfZljb\Z_fZy ]_g_jZevgZy kh\hdmighklv gZijbf_j

e_l gZaZ^ fh`_l [ulv [ueZ bghc b \ [m^ms_f fh`_l lZd`_ baf_gblvky

JZamf__lky qlh ^Zggu_ ^hklh\_jgh]h \u[hjhqgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby g_evay kjZam jZkijhkljZgylv gZ ]_g_jZevgmx kh\hdmighklv >ey wlh ^he`gh \uihegylvky mkeh\b_ h[h[sZ_fhklb bkke_^h\Zgby

x H[h[sZ_fhklv bkke_^h\Zgby H[WHUQDO YDOLGLW\ ±

\g_rgyy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ hgZ hij_^_ey_lky l_f gZkdhevdh j_amevlZl ^Zggh]h bkke_^h\Zgby ijbf_gbf d ^jm]bf ]jmiiZf [hevguo ^Zgguf aZ[he_\Zgb_f

GZijbf_j h[s_ba\_klgZy j_dhf_g^Zpby ^ey ih`beuo ex^_c h j_]meyjghf ijb_f_ g_[hevrbo ^ha ZkibjbgZ k p_evx kgb`_gby jbkdZ ljhf[hah\ [Zabjm_lky gZ hq_gv ij_^klZ\bl_evghf \u[hjhqghf h[ke_^h\Zgbb dhglbg]_glZ ih`beuo \jZq_c fm`qbg Lhevdh ihke_ ^hihegbl_evguo bkke_^h\Zgbc [ueZ ^hdZaZgZ \hafh`ghklv jZkijhkljZgblv wlm j_dhf_g^Zpbx gZ \k_o ih`beuo ex^_c± fm`qbg b `_gsbg

£ЖСПаУОПТУОЬЖ ) $ 4

BlZd _keb kdZaZlv djZldh lh ghjfZ ± wlh lh qlh k\hckl\_ggh [hevrbgkl\m q_eh\_q_kdbo hkh[_c \ dhgdj_lghf f_kl_ b \ dhgdj_lgh_ \j_fy kibkhd iZjZf_ljh\ b bo ^himklbfuo agZq_gbc ihemqZxl \ j_amevlZl_ h[ke_^h\Zgby j_ij_a_glZlb\guo \u[hjhqguo ]jmii a^hjh\uo ex^_c

< kbem wlh]h dexq_\u_ \hijhku \ jZa]jZgbq_gbb ghjfu b iZlheh]bb± wlh \hijhku f_lh^h\ bkke_^h\Zgby Ihijh[m_f aZjZg__ hl\_lblv gZ g_dhlhju_ \hijhku

dhlhju_ \ wlhc k\yab g_ij_f_ggh \hagbdgml

Dh]^Z h[ke_^h\ZeZkv kZfZy kZfZy i_j\Zy j_n_j_glgZy ]jmiiZ hldm^Z [ueh ba\_klgh dZdb_ ijbagZdb

y\eyxlky iZlheh]bq_kdbfb Z dZdb_± g_l"

± ;ueh ba\_klgh ba wfibjbq_kdh]h hiulZ f_^bpbgu

AgZqbl _keb f_^bpbg_ _s_ g_ [ueb ba\_klgu ijbagZdb dZdbo lh aZ[he_\Zgbc lh bo b g_ aZf_qZeb"

± JZamf__lky Wlh kijZ\_^eb\h b gZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv

IhemqZ_lky qlh \ j_n_j_glgmx ]jmiim fh`_l [ulv \dexq_g q_eh\_d k jZggbfb ^hdebgbq_kdbfb nhjfZfb

dZdh]h eb[h aZ[he_\Zgby lh _klv nZdlbq_kdb wlZehghf ghjfu kem`bl [hevghc q_eh\_d"

± J_n_j_glgu_ bgl_j\Zeu ihlhfm b [Zabjmxlky gZ h[ke_^h\Zgbb fheh^uo ex^_c qlh gZqZevgu_ ijbagZdb aZ[he_\Zgbc m gbo gZoh^ylky eb[h gZ lZdbo jZggbo klZ^byo jZa\blby qlh j_Zevgh fh]ml [ulv h[gZjm`_gu q_j_a fgh]b_ ]h^u eb[h _s_ gbdZd g_ ijhy\eyxlky gh j_Zebamxlky iha`_ dZd fgh]b_ aZ[he_\Zgby k ]_g_lbq_kdhc ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvx

LZdbo ex^_c \ ^Zggh_ \j_fy gbdZd g_evay kqblZlv [hevgufb Ihlhfm lh b ]h\hjyl ^Z lZd hgh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ b _klv qlh dZl_]hjbb ghjfu b iZlheh]bb rbj_ q_f dZl_]hjbb a^hjh\vy b [he_agb gh h[ wlhf± dZd gb[m^v \ ke_^mxsbc jZa

AgZqbl gbdh]^Z g_evay k m\_j_gghklvx kdZaZlv qlh ^Zgguc q_eh\_d Z[khexlgh ghjfZe_g"

± GZ hkgh\Zgbb h[ke_^h\Zgby fh`gh aZdexqblv qlh \ gZklhysbc fhf_gl m g_]h g_ h[gZjm`_gh ijbagZdh\ iZlheh]bb agZqbl \ gZklhys__ \j_fy hg \ ij_^_eZo ghjfu _keb m]h^gh± ghjfZe_g : ijhba\h^gu_ hl dhjgy ©Z[khexlª\g_ fZl_fZlbdb nbabdb b h^ghbf_gghc r\_^kdhc \h^db g_ [he__ q_f nb]mju j_qb

?keb g_l wlZehgZ ghjfu lh ihemqZ_lky qlh ghjfZ± wlh hlkmlkl\b_ iZlheh]bb Z iZlheh]by± wlh hlkmlkl\b_

ghjfu"

± G_ kh\k_f lZd DjZldh ]h\hjy ghjfZ± wlh hlkmlkl\b_ iZlheh]bb gm beb ihqlb hlkmlkl\b_ Z iZlheh]by± wlh ijbagZdb dhgdj_lguo aZ[he_\Zgbc b iZlheh]bq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ Ihke_^g__ \u]ey^bl lZ\lheh]bqguf gh lhevdh \u]ey^bl ihkdhevdm II ± \_sb \_kvfZ j_Zevgu_ Ihqm\kl\mcl_ jZagbpm

B ihke_^g__± dZd ba\_klgh ]eZ\guc ijbgpbi f_^bpbgu± QROL QRFHUH ± g_ gZ\j_^b Ihwlhfm hlkmlkl\b_ f_^bpbgu emqr_ q_f f_^bpbgZ g_ hkgh\ZggZy gZ nZdlZo < lbih\uo ijh]jZffZo ^ey f_^bpbgkdbo <mah\ ihdZ g_l lZdh]h ij_^f_lZ± hkgh\ ^hdZaZl_evghc f_^bpbgu h^gZdh bamq_gbx wlbo ijbgpbih\ [m^msbfb f_^bdZfb;;,\_dZ Zevl_jgZlb\u g_l GZmqgZy f_^bpbgZ± hq_gv fheh^Zy gZmdZ b \Zf ]hkih^Z klm^_glu jZklb \f_klb k g_c