2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ (ɩɢɳɚ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɢ ɡɜɭɤ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɣ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.4). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɨɠɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɡɜɭɤɨɦ), ɡɜɭɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ – ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (4, 5, 6 ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ (ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ) ɢ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. ȼ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ – ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ: ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚɯ 1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦɢ, ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ ɐɇɋ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɢ (ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ).

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ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ (ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɰɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɩɢɳɭ. ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɩɵ ɭ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ. ɍ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɩɵ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ 1-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ 2-ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ).

ȼ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɚɣɜɚ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɪɚɣɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɵɲɰ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ (ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

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Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ

Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ, ɬɨ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ. ɇɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ, ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɬɚɧɰɟɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɨɜ: ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ. ɋɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɨɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ. ȼɫɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚ. ȿɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ȼɇȾ.

290

Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ. ɂɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɭ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ: ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ.

Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ) ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮ-

ɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɨɱɚɝ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 14.5). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɫɧɭɳɢɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɪɦɨ-

ɡɨɦ.

Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.

291

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ: ɭɝɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ.

ɍɝɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,

ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 14.6). ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɝɚɫɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɧɚ.

Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤ ɦɟɬɪɨɧɨɦɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 120 ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɸɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɜɭɤ ɦɟɬɪɨɧɨɦɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 60 ɭɞɚɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ. ɇɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 60 ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɫɥɸɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ, ɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ (ɫɜɟɬ) ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ (ɩɢɳɟɣ), ɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɟɬ ɢ ɡɜɨɧɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɬɜɟɬ (ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ), ɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ (ɫɜɟɬ) ɨɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɂɜɨɧɨɤ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝ-

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ɧɚɥɚ. ȿɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɸ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 14.6. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ:

I – ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ; II – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ; III – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭɝɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ; IV – ɭɝɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 14.2)

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Ɂɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɛɚɤɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɞɨ 2–3 ɦɢɧ.), ɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ (ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ) ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨ ɉ.Ʉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɭ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɵ. ɉɪɢ ɭɝɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ, – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ (ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ) ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ.

Ɂɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ-

ɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɟɫɫɢɦɭɦɚ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɇ.ȿ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɫɤɢɦ. Ɂɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɳɟ-

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ɧɢɸ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɟ. ɂɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ

ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ȼɇȾ. ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ), ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.

ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɢɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɢɪɪɚɞɢɢɪɭɟɬ) ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɢɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɤɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ ɢɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɚɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟ-

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ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɤɨɪɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ. ɋ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɪɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.

ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɜɭɤɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ (ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ). ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ: ɡɜɭɤɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ, ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɤ ɢɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 14.7). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ (ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɪɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ «ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ» ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ), ɢɪɪɚɞɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ 4–5 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ (ɨɬ 20 ɫ ɞɨ 5 ɦɢɧ.), ɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ȿɳɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ.

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