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!?8==>9 <>73. !5@>5 2-2> (<C;LB8?>;O@ =59@, 157<85;8=. 2>;>:=0, B>=:. <85;8=, 3;8O), 5;>5 (<85;8=. 2>;>:=0). 59@>F8BK (:>@5H:>2K5, 2=CB@., ?CG-:>2K5). Radix post - 2AB02>G=K5, Rad ant - :>@5H:>2K5, <>B>@=K5. #7;K (A>-54.B:. :0?AC;0, ?A524>C=8?>;O@., 2>:@C3 <0=B89=K5 3;8>F8BK)

5@8D5@8G. =5@2. <85;8= 8 157<85;8= 2>;>:=0, A>54.B:. >1>;. =>340 <5;-:85 =59@>=K. M=4>-, ?5@8- M?8=52@89 87 2>;>:= A>54.B:., :@>2. A>AC4K.

>@0 Encephalon. 072. 87 25=B@8:C;. 35@<8=B0B82=>9 7>=K Proenceph. !;>9 A5@>3> 2-20 3<<. ?8@0<84=K5, 72574G0BK5, 25@5B5=>>1@07, ?0C:>>1@07, 3>@8-7>=B0;L. =59@>=K. 5;:85 - 2AB02>G=K5 (<=>3>). !;>8: <>;5:C;O@=K9 (25@5-B5=>284. :;), =0@C6. 75@=8ABK9 (72574G0BK5, 8 4@), ?8@0<84=K9 (0:A>=K D>@<. 2>;>:=0 ?subst alba), 2=CB@. 75@=. (? 2 sulc. calcarinus, <5;:. 72574G.),

30=3;8>=0@=K9 (:@C?. ?8@0<84K - =0G0;> ?8@0<84. ?CB59, :>B. 40NB :>;;0B5-@0;8 2 nucl. ruber, basales, cerebellum), ?>;8<>@D=K9 A;>9 (<5;:. :;., 45=4-@8BK 4>E>4OB 4> <>;5:. A;>O). 3@0=C;O@.(<>B>@) 8 3@0=C;O@. (A5=A>@) B8?K.

>@0 <>765G:0. =>6:8 - <85;8=. 2>;>:=0. !;>8: <>;5:C;O@=K9 (:>@78=G. 8 72574G. =59@>=K - B>@<>7OB 3@CH5284=K5), 30=3;8>=0@=K9 (3@CH. =59@. 0:A>-=K : O4@0<, :>;;0B5@0;8), 75@=8ABK9 A;>9 (;5B:8-75@=0. ?5@540NB 2>71. A <>E>284. 2>;>:>= =0 :@CH5284. :;. >;LH85 72574G. =59@>=K - A2O7L <564C >B45;0<8. 5@5B5=>284=K5 - 2>;>:=0 2 15;>5 2-2>). ABL 3;80;L=K5 :;5B:8.

2B>=><=0O !. F5=B@ - !:O4@0 1>:>2KE @>3>2 Th, L. : O4@0 III, VII, IX, X. <C;LB8?>;O@=. ?@530=3;8>=. ?>AB- 2>;>:=0. 0@025@B51@, ?@525@B51@ (G@52-=K5), 8=B@0<C@0;L=K5 30=3;88. ?>AB30=3;. 2>;>:=0. Ach-M@38G. A8=0?AK. # A8<?. ?>AB- Nad-M@38G. =B@0<C@. 30=3;88 - A>45@60B <5AB=K5 @5D;. 4C38, <8=CO &! (4;8==>>B@>ABG0BK5, @02=>-, 0AA>F80B82=K5)

=0;870B>@K. A5=A>@. >@30= (5HB) - B@0:B - CG0AB>: cortex. ': 1 B8?: visus, olfactor (=59@>A5=A>@=K5 :;.), 2: gustus, vestibul. (=59@>M?8B5;). 3: tactus.

Gustus: =59@>M?8B5;8>F8BK 2> 2:CA>2KE ?>G:0E 65;>1, ;8AB>284. A>A>G:>2. :CA>2K5 (2:CA. 15;:8), ?>445@6., 10707;L=K5 :;5B:8. >@0. n. chorda tympani.

Olfactorius: regio olfact tunicae mucosae nasi. 59@>M?8B5;89 (>1>=OB. 1C;02K), ?>445@6. :;., glandulae olfactoriae, 15-20 nn olfactoriae.

@5=85:!:;5@0 (A>54. B: A :>;;035=><), !>AC4 (@KE;. 2>;>:. A.B:.), >3>28F0 (5@54. M?8B - <=>3>A;. =5>@>3>2., ?5@54=. ?>3@0=. ?;. A>1AB2. 2-2> - 0<>@D. 2-2>, D81@>1;0ABK, :>;;035=. 704. ?>3@0=. ?;., 704=. M?8B5;89 - ?;>A:89. =5B A>AC4>2). %@CAB0;8: (2>;>:=0 A :@8AB0;;8=><, @5A=8G=. ?>OA>:), !B5:;. B5;> (0<>@D. 2-2>), 04C6:0 (A>AC4. 5@54. M?8B, =0@C6 ?>3@0=. A;>9, A>AC4. A;>9, 2=CB@. ?>3@. A;., 704. ?83<5=B=K9 M?8B. 3;04:. <-FK). 5A=8BG. B5;> (?@>872>4. A>AC4, A5BG. >1>;. -F0, A>54. B:. A>AC4K). ">: 2>4O=8AB. 6-B8.

!5BG0B:0. ?0;. :>;1. 8=25@B8@>20==>ABL. !;>8: ?83<5=B. M?8B (<5;0=>F8BK, D03>A><K), A;>9 ?0;. 8 :>;1., =0@C6. O45@=K9 (D>B>@5F5?B. :;), =0@C6. @5B8-:C;O@=K9 (>B@>AB:8), 2=CB@. O45@ (3>@87>=B0;L=K5, 18?>;O@=K5), 2=CB@. @5B8-:C;., 30=3;8>7=K9 (30=3;88), A;>9 2>;>:>= (0:A>=K 30=3;852). 65;B>5, A;5?>5 ?OB=>. !5=A>@K (?0; - 48A:8, :>;1. - ?>;C48A:8. -!, A8=0?A, <8B>E>=4@). A25B ? @0A?04 ?83<5=B0 ? 18>E8<. @-F88 ? 8<?C;LA.

02=>25A85. 0B>G:0, <5H>G5:. 3 ?>;C:@C6. :0=0;0. 2=CB@8 5ABL <0:C;K (M?8B5;89 - A5=A>@ (3@CH5284=K5, AB>;1G0BK5, AB5@5>- 8 :8=>F8;88) 8 ?>445@6. :;., >B>;8B>20O <5<1@0=0. <?C;;O@=K5 :@8ABK (:C?>;>>1@., ?@8 4286. <5=O5B ?>;>6. 8 2>71. :;5B:8). 8<?C;LA 2 n vestibulocochlearis.

@30= A;CE0. 0@C6=>5 CE>. M;0AB. E@OI, :>6=K9 M?8B5;89, F5@C<8=>7=K5 65;57K, membrana - A>54.B:. !@54=55 CE>. >4=>A;. ?;>A:. M?8B. :@C3;. >:=> - 2 10@010=. ;5AB=8FC, >20;L - 2 25AB81C;. "@C10 - 380;. E@OI, ?@87< M?8B. =CB@. CE>. #;8B:>2K9 :0=0; (25AB81 <5<1@ - >4=>A;. M?8B, A>AC4. ?>;>A:0 - 35<>:0?8;;O@K, 1078;;O@. ?;0AB - A>54.B:.). !?8@0;L. >@30=, M=4>;8<D0. !B@-5 (2=CB@, =0@C6: >?>@=K5, :;5B:8-AB>;1K, 2>;>A:>2K5 :;., BC==5;L, ?>:-@>2=. <5<1@0=0, A?8@0;L. 30=3;89). 286. ?5@8-, M=4>;8<DK, 2>71. A5=A. :;.

"0:B8;L=0O GC2AB2. -:AB5@>F5?F8O (>AO70B5;L=K5 M?8B5;8>F8BK, ?;0AB8=G. B5;LF0, >AO70B. B5;LF0). @>?@8> (=-<KH. 25@5B5=0, 8=B@0DC7. 2>;>:=0, O45@. AC<:0, MDD 8 0DD 2>;>:=0). =B5@>F5?F8O (2 AB5=:0E 2=CB@. >@30=>2, E5<>, 10@>, <5E0=>@5F5?B>@K - ?> n vagus 8;8 2 2535B0B82. A?;5B).

8:@>F8@:C;OB>@=>5 @CA;>. @B5@8>;K (3 A;>O), 0?8;;O@K (M=4>B5;89, ?5@8F8BK, 0425=B8F.. 84K: >1KG=K9, D5=5AB@8@>20==K5, A I5;5284. >B2.), 5=C;K (?>AB:0?8;;O@=K5, A>18@0B, <KH5G=K5).  (HC=BK, ?>;CHC=BK)

@B5@88. -;0AB8G5A:85 (-=4>B5;89, <5<1@0=0, -;0AB. >:>=G0BK5 <5<1@, <8>F8BK. KE;0O A>54.B:), !<5H0==K5 (-=4., <5<1@, ?<5<1@, ?<8>F8B>2, A>54.B:), KH5G=K5 (M=4, ?>4M=4, <5<1@. 8>F8BK, A>54.B:.). <575=E8<0

5=K. >;>:=8ABK5 (<>7. >1>;>G:8), KH5G=. B8?: 1)A;01>5 @0728B85 <KH (<5;: 8 A@54. :0;81@. M=4. ?>4M=>B5;89 >1@. :;0?0=K. !>54.B:+<8>., A>54.B:.), 2)A8;L=. @072. <KH. (154@5==0O. -=4, ?>4M=4,M;0AB.2>;>:=0, 8>F8BK.!.B:).

>4M=4>B5;89 405B :;0?0=K. 575=E8<0. 535=5@0F8O E>@>H0O. 8<D. A>AC-4K. (:0?8;;O@K - B>;L:> M=4>B5;89, A>AC4K - :;0?0=K, 3 A;>O. ?@>B>:8.

!5@4F5. <575=E8<0, 28AF. ;8AB>: A?;0=E=>B><0, =59@>M:B>45@<0. !B@>5=85. -=4>:0@4 (M=4., ?>4M=4., <KH.M;0AB. A;>9, A>54.B:.). 8>:0@4 (A;>8, A>:@0B8B. 8 ?@>2>4OI. <8>F8BK., 0=0AB0<>7K, D81@>7. :>;LF0). -?8:0@4 (A>54.B:, <57>-B5;89. 5@8:0@4). ;0?0=K (M=4>B5;89 8 ?;>B=. 2>;>:=. A>54.B:). @>2>4OI. A8AB5<0. (Nodus sinuatrialis (AB5=:0 atr.dex - ?@54A5@48O), Nodus atrioventri-cularis (septum interatrialis - fasciculus atrioventricularis - crus dex,sin - 65;C4). ABL $-:;5B:8 2 30=3;8OE, :>B. 2K45;. :0B5E>;0<8=K 2 :@>2. @CA;>.

@>25B2>@5=85. &5=B@ (:@.:.<>73, B8<CA) - >1@07, 48DD, 5@8D (;8D>C7;K, lien) - @07<=>6, A<5@BL. >AB=K9 <>73. <575=E., 3C1G. 2-2> :>AB8. ;5B:8: AB2>-;>2K5, ?>;CAB2>;., ?@>M@8B@>1;0ABK, -<85;>F8BK, -;8<D>-, -<>=>-, <530:0-@8>1;0ABK, 7@5;K5 :;5B:8, @5B8:C;O@=K5 :;5B:8 (AB@><0). 5;BK9 :.<.

"8<CA. @-F88 :;5B. 8<<C=8B5B0, 48DD "-;8<D. 575=E. ?@5>E>@4. ?;0AB. !B@-5. >A=>20 - M?8B5;8>@5B8:C;>F8BK. A>54.B:. :0?AC;0, B@015:C;K. Cortex - ?;8<D>1;0AB>2, 35<0B>B8<CA. Medulla - A25B;0O, A;>8ABK5 M?8B. B5;LF0. 0@L5@ (M=4. :0?8;;, ?5@8:0?8;;O@. ?@-2>, M?8B-@5B8:). =2>;NF8O (?;8<D., ?048?>F8B>2. :F84: ?@8 AB@5AA-@50:F8OE A><5AB=> A =04?>G5G=8:0<8).

8<D>C7;K. <575=E8<0. 0?AC;0, B@015:C;K, 2>@>B0. Cortex. @5B8:C;., ;8<-D>F8BK, -1;0ABK, <0:@>D038. 5@<8=0B82. F5=B@K (>1@07 "-, - :;. ?0<OB8). Paracortex. "-;8<D, 8=B5@4838B8@CNI. :;. (?@>;8D5@. "-;). Medulla. BO68 @5-B8:C;>FB>2, -;8<D, <0:@>D038, ?;07<. :;., A8=CAK. @8 8=D5:F8OE ?@>8AE. >1@07 F5=B@0 @07<=. - <8B>7 :;5B>: - ?>O2;. <>;>4KE D>@< ;8<D. - C30A0=85.

!5;575=:0. <575=E8<0. :0?AC;0, B@015:C;K. Pulpa Alba. ;8<D.B:. 2 0425=B8-F88 A>AC4>2. 5@80@B5@80;L=0O 7>=0 ("-;, 8=B5@4838B8@. :;), &5=B@ @07<=. (48DD. -;), 0=B89=0O 7>=0 ("-,-;8<D), @0520O 7>=0 ("-,-;8<D). Pulpa Rubra. @5B8:C;. B:., :;5B:8 :@>28, A>AC4K (:;041. M@8B@., 48DD <>=>F8B>2 2 <0:@>D038, 45?> :@>28). 0:@BKB>5 :@>2: 2 25=>7. A8=CAK. 1KAB@>. B:@KB>5: 2 @5B8:C;. B:0=L - :>=B0:B A <0:@>D030<8. <54;5==>.

8<D. ABC:BC@K. Noduli appendicis (A;87 >1>;.600-800 HB), Noduli aggregati intest. tenue (2 AB5=:5 jejunum 33-80 HB.). Noduli solitariti (2> 2A5E ?>;KE B@C1-:0E - 4KE, ?8I, <>G52K45;. =0 1 A<2 ~20HB. <5NB 35@<8=0B82. F5=B@K, "-, -;8<D>F8BK. 8=D8;LB@8@CNB G5@57 M?8B5;88. 5AB=K5 8<<C==. @-F88.

-=4>:@8==K5 65;57K. 8?>B0;0<CA, 38?>D87, M?8D87, I8B>284, ?0@0I8B., =04?>G5G=., ?>465;C4. 6., 3>=04K, ?;0F5=B0. + 8=:@5B>@=K5 :;, + >48=>G=K5.

>@<>=K - 15;:8, ?5?B84K. !B5@>84. :;5B:8 =5 <>3CB 45:0@1>:A8;8@>20BL 0.:. 8 2K@010BK20BL =59@>0<8=K. 5;:>2K5 (=59@>M=4>:@8==K5) - <>3CB.

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a 2 :@>28). (E>@. -!, >;L468, @81>A><K), 3;80;L=K5 :;. ">@<>7 38?>D870, @072. ?>;>2. A8AB.

8?>D87. :>6=0O M:B>45@<0, =59@>M:B>45@<0. 45=>38?>D87 (M?8B. BO68, 2>-;>:=. A>54.B:., 0F84>D8;L=K5 (!", ?@>;0:B8=, "), 107>D8;L=K5 (;NB@>-?8=, D>;;8B@>?8=, ""), E@><>D>1=K5 (=545OB5;L=K5, =548DD.)). !@54=OO G5ABL (@KE;. A>54.B:, M?8B. - <5;0=>F8B>B@>?8=). 59@>38?>D87 (?8BC8F84K. 45?>  8 >:A8B>F8=0 87 38?>B0;0<CA0). !2O7L - ?>@B0;L=0O A8AB5<0.

)8B>284=0O 6. ?@5>E>@4. ?;0AB. 0?AC;0, 4>;L:8. D>;;8:C;K. "8@>F8BK (:C18G. D>@<0. >@<>=K + B8@>3;>1C;8=). "8@>:A8=, 3-9>4B8@>=8=, :0;LF8B>-=8=. &8:;. 1-?@>4C:F8O (?>3;>I. B8@>78=0, I2, <8=5@0;K) 2-2K2545=85 (D03>-F8B>7 :>;;>840, >BI5?;. 3;>1C;8=0, 2KE>4 2 :@>2L). 0@0I8B>284. 6. (A:>?-;5=8O ?0@0B8@>F8B>2 - 3;02=K5, >:A8D8;L=K5. @8 Ca 2;8O=85 =0 I8B>284. 6. :0;LF8B>=8=.

04?>G5G=8:. 28AF. ;8AB>: A?;0=E=>B><0. 0?AC;0. ;C1>G:>20O 7>=0 (<5;-:85 :;. <8B>E, >;L468. ;L4>AB5@>= !). CG:>20O (BO68 :@C?=. :;5B>: ;8?8-4>2. >@B8:>AB5@>=, :>@B87>=, 384@>:>@B87>=). !5BG0B0O 7>=0 (@KE;0O A5BL :C-18G. :;. >;>2K5 3>@<.), >73>2>5 2-2> (E@><0D8==K5 :;. Nad, Ad),

8DDC7=0O A8AB5<0. 1) A5:@5B>@=K5 =59@>F8BK (>107. =59@>0<8=K + >;83>-?5?B84. 3>@<>=K) APUD-:;. ?0@0D>;;8:C;O@. :;. I8B>284 6., E@><0DD8==K5 :;. ! M=B5@>M=4>:@8==K5 :;5B:8 (>1@07. A5@>B>=8=0). <5AB=>5 8 48AB0=B=>5 459AB285. 2) AB5@>84>A8=B5@78@CNI85. 5 87 =59@>1;0AB>2. 5 <>3CB 45:0@-1>:A8;8@>20BL 0.:. 8 2K@010BK20BL =59@>0<8=K. ;5B:8 3>=04.

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

C1K. :>6. M:B>45@<0, <575=E8<0. 0728B85: 7C1=0O ?;0AB8=:0. - M<0;52K9 >@30= - 2=CB@. M<0;. M?8B (M<0;L) + =0@C6 (?C;L?0). 5=B8= 87 45=B8=>1;0AB>2 =0 25@H8=5 7C10. &5<5=B - F5<5=B>1;0ABK.  6-7 ;5B @07@CH. ?5@53>@>4:8 2 0;L25>;5 - 2K?045=85. !B@>5=85: -<0;L (M<0;52. ?@87<K, =5>@3.), 5=B8= (:>;;035=. ?CG:8 @0480;L=>). &5<5=B (?>E>6 =0 :>ABL, 15A:;5B, :;5B>G=K9). C;L?0 (@KE;. 2>;>:=. A>54.B: - ?8B0=85 7C10).

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