книги / Energy and Environment

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение Высшего профессионального образования «Пермский государственный технический университет»

Н.Ю. Кабанова

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Утверждено Редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия

Издательство Пермского государственного технического университета

2008

УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК Ш143.21-923.8

К12

Рецензенты:

канд. пед. наук Е.В. Крылова (Пермский филиал Российского государственного

торгово-экономического университета); д-р пед. наук, проф. Т.С. Серова

(Пермский государственный технический университет)

Кабанова, Н.Ю.

К12 Energy and environment: учеб. пособие / Н.Ю. Кабанова. – Пермь:

Изд-во Перм. гос. техн. ун-та, 2008. – 74 с.

ISBN 978-5-88151-949-0

Направлено на обучение студентов иноязычной диалогической речевой деятельности во взаимосвязи с профессионально ориентированным чтением.

С этой целью в пособии представлены десять ситуаций, каждая из которых включает текстовые материалы и задания к ним, задания на формирование умений иноязычной диалогической речевой деятельности и модели диалогов. В приложении дается список рекомендуемых разговорных формул и клише, средства логичного и последовательного изложения информации, дополнительные тексты.

УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК Ш143.21-923.8

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Ситуация 1.

Вы – представитель американской корпорации Пауер Ауторити, г-н Кларк. После обеда Вам предстоит встреча с представителем РАО ЕЭС России

г-ном Васиным с целью установления партнерских отношений.

А.

1. Чтобы подготовиться к встрече, прочитайте подобранные Вашим секретарем материалы, найдите информацию о функциях, выполняемых этой компанией, и названия электростанций, которые были построены ею. Кратко зафиксируйте необходимую информацию в виде информационных единиц (ИЕ). Полученные данные будут использованы Вами в разговоре.

Power Authority of the State of New York is a public benefit corporation of the state. The Authority finances, builds and operates electric generating facilities and transmission lines for purposes specified by the Legislature and Governor.

The Authority's generating plants are the 800,000-kilowatt St. Lawrence Project near Massena, the 2,400,000-kilowatt Niagara Project near Niagara Falls, the 1,000,000-kilowatt Blenheim-Gilboa Pumped Storage Project in Schoharie County the 821,000-kilowatt James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Plant in Oswego County, the 873,000-kilowatt Indian Point 3 Nuclear Plant in Westchester County and the 800,000-kilowatt oil-fired Astoria 6 Plant in New York City. Authority transmission lines connect the projects to the state power grid.

•The Authority had requested a Federal Power Commission license to build a pumped storage hydroelectric project at Prattsville, about five miles south of Blen- heim-Gilboa.

•The Authority had applied for necessary licenses to build two additional generating units, one nuclear and the other fossil-fired. The prime sites are, respectively, Cementon in Greene County and Arthur Kill on Staten Island.

•The Authority had started construction of a 765,000-volt transmission line between Utica and the Canadian border. The line will permit import of a minimum of 800,000 kilowatts of Quebec hydroelectric power seven months each year.

•The Authority was completing a 230,000-volt line between the St. Lawrence Project and Plattsburgh and a 345,000-volt line connecting Blenheim-Gilboa with the state transmission grid at Leeds.

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The Authority is composed of five trustees appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the State Senate. They serve overlapping terms of five-years each.

Power Authority projects are financed by the sale to private investors of bonds issued by the Authority, without governmental credit or use of tax monies. The projects are operated and the bonds are retired using the revenue derived from operations.

The Authority is a wholesale power supplier and sells its electricity to municipal systems and rural electric cooperatives, to public agencies in the New York; metropolitan area, to private utilities for resale to retail customers, to specified industries and to the Plattsburgh Air Force Base. Allocations of Niagara and St. Lawrence power also have been made to Vermont and to a group of rural co-ops in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in accordance with federal law and licenses for the two projects.

2. Репетируя свою встречу с российским представителем, сообщите выписанную Вами информацию предполагаемому партнеру, используя следующие выражения:

Б.

1.Просмотрите текст еще раз и запишите тип каждой электростанции (тепловая, атомная, гидроэлектростанция). Просмотрите записи и установите количество электростанций каждого типа.

2.Будьте готовы уточнить количество разных типов электростанций для потенциального партнера, используя выражения:

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В.

1.В этих же печатных материалах найдите и зафиксируйте с помощью ключевых слов и словосочетаний (КС) сведения об источниках финансирования корпорации и ее потребителях.

2.Репетируя свою встречу с российским представителем, сообщите зафиксированную Вами информацию предполагаемому партнеру, используя следующие выражения:

I’d like to draw your attention Я хотел бы обратить Ваше внимание на тот to the fact that… факт, что…

Г.

1.Обратитесь к тексту еще раз, найдите и зафиксируйте информацию (ИЕ)

опланах корпорации Пауер Ауторити на будущее.

2.Подготовьтесь к сообщению этой информации как дополнительной предполагаемому партнеру. Начните с выражения

I'd like to add... Я бы хотел добавить, ...

или

I can add (that)... Я могу добавить, что...

Д.

1. Одной из положительных сторон деятельности компании Пауер Ауторити является благоустройство территории, что, скорее всего, отметит Ваш собеседник. Прочитайте прилагаемый текст, найдите и зафиксируйте (КС) сведения о природоохранной деятельности Пауер Ауторити.

Islands totaling some 2,600 acres still remain in their natural state under Authority and Park Commission jurisdiction. On shore, other land has been made available for recreational development under standards which protect environmental and scenic values and guard against exploitation.

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At Wilson Hill, a 350-acre promontory into Lake St. Lawrence, the Authority created a waterfowl management area of some 3,000 acres, of which 1,900 acres are under water. It is now managed by the State Department of Environmental Conservation. The wildlife refuge has become a major New York haven for wild Canada geese and other migratory and non-migratory waterfowl.

Community improvements

1.The Power Authority traditionally has provided community improvements in connection with construction of its hydro-electric projects.

At Niagara, these included expansion of the Niagara Reservation, the state park at the Falls; extension of the upstream end of Goat Island, situated between the American and Horseshoe Falls; building of the American Rapids-Bridge between the mainland and Goat Island; construction of a 10-mile section of the Robert Moses State Parkway; and creation and initial development of the 132-acre Reservoir State Park. These facilities are operated by the Niagara Frontier State Park Commission.

2.The Power Authority also provided the land on which the commission built its geological museum and its Lewiston Performing Arts Center.

New facilities for the City of Niagara Falls included a 144-acre enlargement of Hyde Park, expansion of the municipal golf course and construction of the first playground in the downtown area.

Financial contributions were made to the effort to reduce erosion at the Horseshoe Falls.

2. Используя полученную информацию, дополните имеющиеся у потенциального партнера сведения своими, начиная с выражения:

Ситуация 2.

Вы являетесь студентом четвертого курса Торгово-экономического института. Вас пригласили в международный клуб для участия в дискуссии «Новое поколение считает». Обсуждаемая тема «Энергетический кризис: проблема государства, общества или каждого человека?».

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1.В процессе подготовки к дискуссии прочитайте имеющиеся у Вас статьи

ивыдержки из журналов, найдите и зафиксируйте (КС/ИЕ) информацию:

–что такое энергетический кризис;

–какими могут быть последствия (consequences) энергетического кризиса;

–примеры энергетических кризисов в мире.

An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil, electricity or other natural resources. The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, many recessions are precipitated by an energy crisis of some form. In particular, the production costs of electricity rise, which raises manufacturing costs. From a consumer side, the price of gasoline (petrol) for cars and other vehicles rises, leading to reduced consumer confidence and spending.

Our economy is directly related to our energy consumption. The chart below compares the annual change in our national production (sometimes called GNP – Gross National Product) with the associated change in Gross Energy Consumption. You can see that the changes in GNP track the changes in the amount of energy consumed very closely.

Changes in energy and GNP

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It can be shown that our economy is even more closely related to the amount of useful energy consumed. Useful energy is the total energy minus the amount of this total which is wasted. We must be careful in using the term «wasted energy» since it is a difficult concept. For instance, sometimes we must choose to exhaust some energy without letting it do work because it is either too costly or presently technologically impossible not to exhaust it. In general, however, we can say that changes in our economy are very closely related to changes in useful energy consumption. The answer to the question «What would happen if we ran short of energy?» is therefore simple – our economy, our country, and everyone in it would suffer. To understand this better, consider for a moment your own job or the job of someone you know. What would happen if your company could not get an adequate supply of energy (oil, gas, electricity, etc.)? Or what would happen if your company's customers could not get an adequate supply of energy? If your company is like most, and your job is like most, neither your company nor your job would survive.

What would happen to the cost of providing goods and services if energy was in short supply? The cost of providing goods and services would go up and then the price of these goods and services must also go up in order for the company to stay in business. Therefore, the cost of living would go up and the demand for goods and services go down. When this happens, surpluses occur and layoffs must follow. All this creates downward pressure on wages and salaries because cheaper labor is available. In short, we end up with both inflation and unemployment. We all tasted this slightly in 1974 after we were hit with the oil embargo. In summary, if our economy, our country, and our way of life are to survive, we must assure that we have an adequate supply of energy for the present and the future. This requires that we eliminate our wasteful uses of energy and that we take the proper measures to assure discovery and development of all of our nation's potential energy resources.

There has been much debate about «peak oil», i.e. the point at which half of the worlds oil reserves have been used, and world oil production peaks and then goes into irreversible decline. Proponents of this point out that oil is being used much faster than it is being found, and that as current oil fields go into decline there won't be enough new ones to replace them. Many experts claim that this point will occur within the next decade, whilst others argue that it will not happen for several decades.

When the oil peak does occur then oil supply will no longer be able to keep up with demand, leading to dramatic price rises and probably severe economic recession and geopolitical ramifications, and will probably lead to large scale efforts to develop alternative forms of energy, and energy conservation.

Generally, the continental United States is used as a good example of this. Earlier in the 20th century, the US was a major oil producer, but oil production peaked around 1970. The decline since has appeared irreversible. Despite newer technology, more deepwater drilling, and other anticipated explorations, it is not believed that the

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