книги / How to Write a Research Paper

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет»

Н.В. Соколова

HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER

КАК НАПИСАТЬ НАУЧНУЮ СТАТЬЮ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Утверждено Редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебно-методического пособия

Издательство Пермского национального исследовательского

политехнического университета

2017

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УДК 81’271 (072.8)=111 ББК Ш 143.21-923

C 59

Рецензенты:

канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков, лингвистики и перевода И.А. Баринова

(Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет);

канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры методики преподавания иностранных языков Л.В. Енбаева

(Пермский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет)

Соколова, Н.В.

C 59 How to Write a Research Paper = Какнаписатьнаучнуюстатьюна английском языке : учеб.-метод. пособие / Н.В. Соколова. – Пермь : Изд-во Перм. нац. исслед. политехн. ун-та, 2017. – 39 с.

ISBN 978-5-398-01775-5

Представлены тексты для чтения и перевода, а также задания и фра- зы, которые помогут написать собственную научную статью. Предлага- ются вопросы для самопроверки.

Предназначено для магистрантов по следующим направлениям: 15.04.04 «Автоматизация технологических процессов и производств», 220400.68 «Управление в технических системах», а также для аспирантов по направлению 27.06.01 «Управление в технических системах».

УДК 81’271 (072.8)=111 ББК Ш 143.21-923

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для использова- ния на практических занятиях по дисциплине «Деловой (профессиональный) иностранный язык» (английский язык) в рамках основной образовательной программы подготовки магистров по направлениям: 15.04.04 «Автоматиза- ция технологических процессов и производств», 220400.68 «Управление в технических системах», а также для использования на практических заня- тиях по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (английский язык) в рамках подго- товки аспирантов по направлению 27.06.01 «Управление в технических си- стемах».

Учебно-методическое пособие составлено в целях формирования у ма- гистрантов и аспирантов знаний общенаучной и профессиональной лексики на английском языке, в частности, знаний о лингвистических и структурных особенностях научной статьи на английском языке, а также для развития

исовершенствования умений и навыков поиска и описания научно-техниче- ской литературы на английском языке по теме исследования; сбора, анализа

исистематизации научно-технической информации; перевода, аннотирова- ния и реферирования научно-технической литературы; представления ре- зультатов собственной научной деятельности в виде научной статьи.

Пособие состоит из семи разделов, каждый из которых соответствует определенной структурной части научной статьи: введению, обзору литера- туры, определению целей и задач работы, методам исследования, описанию

результатов исследования, заключению, а также написанию аннотации.

Вкаждом разделе представлены тексты для чтения и перевода, а также фразы, которыемагистрантыиаспирантымогутиспользоватьпринаписании собственной научной статьи. Типичные задания следующие: «Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту…», «Прочитайте и переведите фразы…» и т.д.

Ввосьмой части пособия представлены вопросы для самопроверки, напри- мер: «Соблюдается ли в составленной Вами аннотации структура Введение – Методы – Результаты – Обсуждение?» и т.д. В конце каждого раздела ма-

гистрантам и аспирантам предлагается задание по написанию соответствую- щей части собственной научной статьи, что в итоге позволит обучающимся подготовить научную статью на английском языке с соблюдением лингви- стических и структурных особенностей представления результатов научной деятельности на изучаемом языке.

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UNIT 1.

Formulating the Introduction:

Stating the Research Problem

“Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought.” Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

1.Formulate your understanding of a research problem.

2.Read the following extract and compare the author’s idea with your own answer to Task 1:

“A research problem is a definite or clear expression about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing practice that points to a need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.”

Alan Bryman

3. Match the following research-related parts and their definitions:

For example, number… – letter…

4. Reading and translating

As you read the text…

What are the three basic types of research papers?

What sections can a research paper consist of?

What sections does a simpler structure of a research paper include?

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Basic Structures of the Scientific Text

In outline, the scientific paper is described as a sequence of sections devoted to the description of a ‘state of affairs’, a ‘problem’ or anomaly, a ‘hypothesis’ or potential ‘solution’, some tests and results, an ‘evaluation’, and ‘implications’. Three basic types for scientific papers can be identified: Problem-Solution, Hy- pothesis-Testing, and Methodological. In a Methodological paper, the author states the deficiencies of current methods and proposes a ‘new’ method, which he will then demonstrate by tests as an improvement (or substitution) for other methods. In a Hypothesis-Testing paper, the author states the ‘problematic’ area and describes the various proposals that have been suggested, and then examine each for their advantages and disadvantages. In a Problem-Solution paper, the author describes the current situation and the problem he is tackling, and then the methods he will use.

Each may be seen as variants of a general type with the following sequence of sections: Situation, Problem, Hypothesis or Hypotheses of Proposed Method, Tests (experiments), Evaluations (of results), Solution (or decision), Implications (or Further Work). In practice, scientific articles are usually organised more simply: an ‘Introduction’, which covers statements of the overall ‘topic’, the Situation, the Problem and the proposed solution (Hypothesis); then a section of ‘Experiments and Results’, covering Tests, Evaluation, and Solution; and a final section of ‘Conclusions’ for statements of Implications and Further Work.

After you read the text…

Translate the text into Russian.

Outline the type of your research paper.

5. Read the questions a good research introduction should answer and underline the key words:

For example, 1) What is the topic of the research?

2)What is the fundamental problem of the research? What is the hypothesis?

3)Why is this research important?

4)What do other researchers say about this problem? (This part involves presenting background information from the Literature Review)

5)What is the goal of the research?

6)What is the novelty of the research?

7)Why are the results of the research significant?

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6. Reading and translating

Before your read the text…

Match the following words from the text below and their definitions:

For example, number … – letter …

As you read the text…

Write out NOUN + NOUN (+NOUN…) phrases, for example, enterprise risk management, ERM program, and translate them into Russian.

Refer to the text for answers to the questions in Task 5.

Successful Implementation of Enterprise

Risk Management Systems in Transportation Agencies

To be successful, transportation executives, administrators, and managers must coordinate a multitude of human, organizational, technical, and natural resources and manage a high number of diverse and complex risks. In fact, transportation agencies face unique sociopolitical and technical risks such as safety and access management that make enterprise risk management (ERM) critical to the efficient use of public resources. As such, ERM can be defined as the consistent application of techniques to manage the uncertainties surrounding the achievement of an organization’s objectives (Berry and Phillips, 1998). Organizations with mature ERM programs have noted that the use of ERM reduces costs (Muelbroek, 2002; Hoyt et al., 2008).

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Exploratory research (NCHRP) showed that only 13 of the 43 state transportation agencies surveyed have formalized ERM programs. This study found that formal ERM tools exist and are adding value to those agencies that are using them.

The primary aim of this project is to identify, analyze, and describe the qualities of successful implementation of ERM in transportation agencies through detailed case studies. To achieve this aim, the following objectives will be targeted:

a)Identify cases where agency-level risks have been effectively identified and managed using ERM;

b)Describe the factors that contributed to successful implementation of ERM;

c)Identify how the culture of ERM was incorporated through all levels of the organization.

d)Capture the lessons learned and best practices associated with ERM; and

e)Share new knowledge with stakeholders and develop the basis for a future ERM model.

Although mature ERM programs are rare, there have been several case studies of successful organizations. For example, Meulbroek (2002) discussed how Microsoft utilized ERM to handle sudden market fluctuations and decrease operating costs. These studies showed that strong, unified support from senior management is critical to successful implementation of an ERM and that a major barrier to ERM implementation is the inability of analysts to adequately identify and accurately quantify risks.

Despite the growing body of knowledge in the private sector, there is only one study of ERM in the public transportation sector (NCHRP). As previously mentioned, this exploratory study identifies key characteristics of mature organizations and evaluates the role that ERM plays in the achievement of transportation agency objectives. The present study would build directly upon this body of knowledge and would make important advancements by identifying the specific strategies that have been successfully employed by the transportation agencies with the most mature ERM programs to manage high priority risks. The study will benefit both experts and organizations throughout the transportation sector.

References

Berry, A. and Phillips, J. (1998). Enterprise Risk Management: Pulling it Together. Risk Management, 45(9): 53-58.

Hoyt, R.E., Moore, D.L., and Liebenberg, A.P. (2008). The Value of Enterprise Risk Management: Evidence from the U.S. Insurance Industry. Society of Actuaries, Schaumberg, Illinois.

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Meulbroek, L.K. (2002). A Senior Manager’s Guide to Integrated Risk Management. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 14(4): 56-70.

National Cooperative Research Program (2011). Executive Strategies for Risk Management by State Departments of Transportation, NCHRP Project 20 24(74), National Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2011.

After you read the text…

Fill in the prepositions where necessary:

1)Enterprise risk management (ERM) is critical … the efficient use of resources.

2)Companies face … numerous problems.

3)ERM tools add value … companies that use them.

4)The study builds … this body of knowledge.

5)This research contributes … a better understanding of the company’s needs.

6)The study will benefit … companies …. the sector.

Translate the text into Russian.

7.Formulate:

1)The topic of your research.

2)The fundamental problem of your research.

3)The importance of your research.

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UNIT 2.

Writing the Literature Review:

Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting

“If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton

1.Reading and translating

Before you read the text…

Fill in the columns with appropriate numbers of the sentences below:

Paraphrasing vs. Quoting

1.Express in fewer words what the key point of a source is.

2.Present a position or argument to comment on.

3.Present the idea expressed, and not the specific language used to express it.

4.Include especially moving or historically significant language.

5.Present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized.

As you read the text…

Find the sentences where the author quotes sources.

Find the sentences where the author paraphrases sources.

Literature Review. What is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)?

Enterprise Resource Planning is defined in many ways and some of these definitions are listed below:

According to Bidgoli (2004), ERP is defined as “an integrated computer-based system that manages both internal and external organization resource” [1, p. 707].

However, Vollmann (2005) argues that the term ERP can be defined differently depending on one's point of view. From the manager's approach, ERP symbolizes a comprehensive software which supports decision making along with

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