Учебное пособие (Методичка) по Истории Медицины. И.Ю.Худоногов

1936 is the date of creation of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR, headed by Grigory Naumovich Kaminsky (1895-1938). He initiated the creation of the All-Union State Sanitary Inspection in 1935 G.N. Kaminsky developed a program of measures to improve medical support for the urban and rural population, contributed to the establishment of international scientific cooperation. The first international congresses (physiological congress, congress on the fight against rheumatism) were held in our country with his participation.

New tasks in the field of medicine arose during the Great Patriotic War: the provision of medical personnel for the Red Army both at the front and in the rear, work in evacuation hospitals, sanitary and hygienic support, etc. created on the basis of careful analysis of previous experience. The unprecedented scale of the Second World War was accompanied by mass migration of the population, which created the preconditions for the spread of epidemics, but no massive epidemics were allowed. During the war, the People's Commissariat of Public Health of the USSR was headed by the scientist-hygienist, organizer of health care Georgy

Soviet doctors made a significant contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany. More than 72% of the wounded, 90% of the patients were returned to duty. The merit of the Rostov Medical Institute scientists and graduates also is in these achievements. Two graduations of doctors, which were included in the chronicle of the university as the “Fire release”, were carried out in 1941. The Motherland received about 1300 specialists who fulfilled their duty with honor. 78% of doctors graduated in 1941 have government awards “For Courage”, “For Brave” and “For Valiant Labor”. Medical scientists also contributed to the Victory. Professors N.A. Bogoraz, K.Kh. Orlov, P.I. Emdin worked in evacuation hospitals. Professor G.P. Rudnev went to the front voluntarily. Military neurosurgeon V.A. Nikolsky, 3rd rank military doctor A.B. Kogan, surgeon E.G. Lokshina, military doctor A.A. Kolosova, a graduate of 1941 P.P. Kovalenko, who later became professors and headed the departments of the Rostov Medical Institute, have come a long way.

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Medical workers made an invaluable contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic War. More than 115 thousand military medical workers of the country were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union, 47 military doctors were awarded the title of the Soviet Union Hero.

The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, which united the leading research institutes of the country, was created in 1944 to guide medical science and its further development. Professor Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko (1876-1946), Chief Surgeon of the Red Army, Colonel-General of the Medical Service, one of the founders of Russian neurosurgery, was elected the first president of the Academy, and prominent Soviet scientists N.N. Anichkov, A.I. Abrikosov, L.A. Orbeli, E.N. Pavlovsky, N.A. Semashko, A.N. Sysin, S.S. Yudin and others became the first full members of the Academy. The Academy of Medical Sciences united 28 leading research institutes and included 60 members. The structure of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences included three departments: biomedical sciences, clinical medicine and preventive medicine (hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology). Currently, the Academy of Medical Sciences, which united a large number of academic institutions in various cities of the country, has become the Department of Medical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Questions for self-control:

1.How and why did the institutions carrying out sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the Soviet Union arise?

2.What contribution did medical workers make to the victory over Nazi Germany?

3.What contribution did the doctors of the Rostov State Medical University make to the victory in the Great Patriotic War?

4.What objective conditions facilitated the creation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences?

5.What objective conditions contributed to the abolition of the Academy of Medical Sciences in the Russian Federation?

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Theme 15. History of medicine and health care in the Don.

History of Rostov State Medical University

The first information about the emergence of state medical care in the Don dates back to the 17th century, when the Cossacks asked the tsar to send a barber and a surgeon to them. The medical supply has gradually improved. The doctor and six healers were sent to the Don by the decision of the Military Collegium in 1800, and in 1854 a military hospital, five district hospitals and an insane asylum were opened with military and charitable funds. Military medicine could not provide medical care to the entire population. This aid was intended only for those serving in the army. The rest of the population used the services of znakhars (folk healers). Only in 1875 (after the organization of zemstvos in 1864) did the peasants have the opportunity to consult doctors and paramedics. Basically, zemstvo medical care was organized basing on the traveling system, which in the central provinces of Russia was replaced by a stationary one. However, in the Don Cossack Region,

despite the vastness of the territory, traveling system was preserved until the establishment of Soviet power.

The zemstvos allocated insignificant funds for public medical care. Due to low wages and difficult working conditions, it wasn’t easy to recruit doctors and paramedics on the Don, which were chronically lacking. At the same time, the military-administrative authorities did not support the activities of zemstvo medical institutions. Yet zemstvos played a positive role in providing medical assistance to the rural population. In 1882, by a resolution of the State Council, the work of the zemstvos in the Don Cossack Region was suspended. Medical care for the civilian population was concentrated in the hands of the military government, which was not too concerned about the health of the peasants.

With the development of factory medicine on the Don, things were no better. The rapid growth rate of production, the domination of foreign capital, and the increase in the population of the region led to the merciless exploitation of the working class and contributed to the plight of the workers in the Don Cossack Region. Discontent grew, the working class rose up to fight for its economic and political

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rights. Don's doctors did not stay away from the revolutionary movement. They repeatedly raised the issue of the need to improve medical care on the Don before the local authorities, and demanded that a congress of miners and factory doctors of the region be convened.

The congress opened on October 23, 1901 in Taganrog, lasted two days and discussed issues of the correct organization of factory medicine, the organization of a sanitary commission at mines and factories, the determination of the degree of disability due to injuries at work, the organization of infectious diseases hospitals for workers and etc. The congress raised the question of the disenfranchised position of doctors working in mines and factories. However, the decisions of the 1st Congress of Doctors of the Don Cossack Region were not implemented due to the reluctance of the coal mining administration to do anything. And yet the congress played its positive role. The coal owners were forced to go for some improvement in the medical care of workers, the creation of hospitals and almshouses for the disabled, and the expansion of social insurance.

The entry of Russia into the XX century was marked by the revolution of 19051907, which awakened among people an interest and craving for knowledge, education, and culture. Rostov-on-Don became the center of such awakening in the North Caucasus. The need for a higher educational institution, with at least one medical faculty, has long been ripe. For this purpose, a petition of citizens with 92 signatures was submitted to the Rostov City Duma in 1910, and later a trip to St. Petersburg was organized for a delegation of five people, among who was the chief physician of the Rostov city hospital N.V. Pariysky. However, the tsarist government, which regarded universities as breeding grounds for free-thinking, remained inert. Only at the beginning of the First World War, when the troops of imperial Germany invaded the Polish lands, which were then part of Russia, the Warsaw University with four faculties, including medical, was forced to hastily evacuate to Moscow, and then to Rostov-on-Don, where for many years, the preconditions have been created for the establishment of a university.

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In November 1915, the training of doctors began on the Don land. Taking advantage of a temporary stay in the City of Warsaw University, the scientists of the Faculty of Medicine, with the support of the public, immediately began vigorous activities to create their own higher medical educational institution on the Don land. This ended with the fact that in 1916 the Rostov City Women's Medical Institute was founded, and the Don University was established on July 1, 1917 instead of the Warsaw one. The director of the Women's Medical Institute was Professor A.A. Kolosov, and his deputy is N.V. Pariysky.

The buildings allocated for the theoretical departments of the medical faculty were located in different parts of the city, but the City (Nikolaev) hospital served as the main clinical base of the medical faculty and the institute.

With the emergence of university Rostov-on-Don became a major scientific center in the south of Russia. Medical scientists who came from different cities were representatives of the best scientific schools in the country. Professor I.S. Tsitovich, A.I. Yushchenko, P.I. Bukhman, B.A. Kogan came from Petersburg; N.A. Rozhansky, V.V. Voskresensky, N.I. Napalkov – from Moscow; I.V. Zavadsky, P.I. Emdin – from Kazan; A.A. Kolosov, N.I. Mukhin, P.V. Nikolsky, K.Kh. Orlov; N.A. Bogoraz, F. Pozhariysky, N.N. Brusyanin, Sh. I. Krinitsky and others were evacuated from Warsaw University.

The events of October 1917 caused fundamental changes in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. On August 2, 1918, a decree was issued on the rules for admission to higher educational institutions, which opened the doors of universities for all citizens of the Soviet Republic, abolished tuition fees, and lifted all restrictions on the study of women in universities. The reform of higher education began from this time.

Real conditions for the transformation of Don University and its faculties were provided only after the Red Army liberated Rostov-on-Don from the White Guards. On March 14, 1920, the Rostov City Women's Medical Institute merged with the Faculty of Medicine of the Don University. In the same year, the first

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graduation of doctors in the history of Rostov-on-Don took place, and the health care of the south of Russia received 295 specialists.

Soviet medicine inherited a heavy legacy from the time of the tsarist regime, after long years of a stubborn and brutal civil war, after the Don experienced famine in 1921. The establishment of Soviet health care in the Rostov region and Rostov-on- Don took place in difficult conditions. Fierce battles against the counter-revolution were still going on in the villages and towns of the Don, and the Soviet government was already taking the first steps towards reorganizing the region. On January 8, 1920, units of the 1st Cavalry Army entered Rostov-on-Don and liberated it from the White Guards within two days.

By the time of the establishment of Soviet power on the Don, the entire region was extremely unsuccessful in epidemic terms: typhus and relapsing fever raged, cholera was in a number of settlements. In Rostov-on-Don and Nakhichevan, the sanitary condition was no better. The health authorities focused their main efforts on combating epidemics and ensuring cleanliness of settlements. The central city council, which united 12 district sanitary councils, which did a great job to eliminate epidemics in the city region, was created in Rostov-on-Don.

The need to revise the forms and methods of training highly qualified specialists was acutely felt both in the country as a whole and in the North Caucasus, which by that time was already a large multinational, administrative and economic region of the country. For improving the training of specialists the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR issued an order on the separation of a number of faculties from the North Caucasus University, including the medical one, on transferring it to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Health and reorganization into an independent institute. Thus, October 10, 1930 became the second birthday of the Rostov Medical Institute.

At the time of gaining independence, the medical institute was basically a wellstaffed and successfully operating higher educational institution. More than 1300 students or 45% of the total number of students of Rostov University (before the reorganization) studied there. Over the years of its existence, the institute has

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trained more than 25 thousand doctors, providing highly qualified medical personnel for the health services of the country and, first of all, the Rostov region and the North Caucasus region. The institute has worked and is working prominent scientists who, creating and introducing into practice new, effective scientific developments, contribute to the further development of the national health care system.

Questions for self-control:

1.What role did the bodies of Cossack self-government play in the development of medicine on the Don?

2.How was medical care organized for industrial workers in the Don Cossack Region before 1917?

3.How did the institutions of higher medical education appear on the Don?

4.What are the reasons for the radical changes the rules of admission to higher educational institutions that took place after October 1917 in relation to the citizens

of the Soviet Republic?

5. What is the essence of the reorganization of higher medical education on the

Don in 1930?

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