из электронной библиотеки / 620068019255996.pdf
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a dictionary? |
No, they have not. |
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HAS |
HE |
a family? |
Yes, he has. |
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a grandfather? |
No, she hasn’t. |
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long ears? |
Yes, it has. |
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Examples:
Have you (got) a car? - Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Have they (got) children? – Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Has he (got) an umbrella? – Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
How many daughters has he got? – He’s got two.
ВВОДНОЕ THERE С ГЛАГОЛОМ “TO BE”
There is a table in the room. |
В комнате (есть) стол. |
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There is a vase on the table. |
На столе стоит ваза. |
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There are flowers in the vase. |
В вазе (стоят) цветы. |
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There is some milk in the glass. |
В стакане есть молоко. |
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There is little water in the cup. |
В чашке мало воды. |
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There are no apples in the fridge. |
В холодильнике нет яблок. |
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ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ И ОТВЕТЫ
Is there a table in the room? |
Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. |
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Are there plates on the table? |
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t. |
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Is there any tea in the cup? |
Yes, there is some. No, there isn’t any. |
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Are there any questions? |
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t. |
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Is there a telephone in the house? |
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Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. |
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Is there any time? |
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Yes, there is some. No, there isn’t. |
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QUESTIONS |
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WHAT? |
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кто, что (по профессии)? |
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какой? |
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WHO? |
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кто? |
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WHOM? |
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кого? кому? |
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WHERE? |
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где? куда? |
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WHY? |
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почему? зачем? |
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WHICH? |
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какой (из)? который? |
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HOW? |
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как? |
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HOW |
much? |
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Time, money, |
сколько? |
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many? |
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water |
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Books, rooms, |
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chairs |
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WHAT TIME? |
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когда? |
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AT WHAT TIME? |
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в какое время? |
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Examples:
What is she?
What are you doing?
Who can help me?
Who are you waiting for?
Whom does he love?
Where do you come from?
Where are you going?
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Why is she unhappy?
Which of you can answer this question?
How can I get to the bus stop?
How much time does it take?
How many students are there in your group?
What time do you normally get up?
What colour is your favourite?
МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
a fact |
facts |
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a cat |
cats |
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a day |
days |
s |
[z] |
a girl |
girls |
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a plane |
planes |
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a dress |
dresses |
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a box |
boxes |
es |
[iz] |
a place |
places |
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a city |
cities |
ies |
[iz] |
a family |
families |
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a leaf |
leaves |
ves |
[vz] |
a shelf |
shelves |
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ОСОБЫЕ СЛУЧАИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ЧИСЛА СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
a man |
Мужчина |
Men |
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a woman |
Женщина |
Women |
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a foot |
Нога |
Feet |
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a tooth |
Зуб |
Teeth |
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a mouse |
Мышь |
Mice |
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a child |
Ребенок |
Children |
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a postman |
Почтальон |
Postmen |
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a phenomenon |
Явление |
Phenomena |
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a sheep |
овца |
sheep |
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СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ, УПОТРЕБЛЯЕМЫЕ ТОЛЬКО В ЕДИНСТВЕННОМ ЧИСЛЕ
Weather |
Погода |
Knowledge |
Знания |
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Furniture |
Мебель |
Progress |
Успехи |
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Information |
Информация |
Hair |
Волосы |
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Advice |
Совет |
Love |
Любовь |
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News |
Новости |
Anger |
Злость |
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Money |
Деньги |
Fish |
Рыба |
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Watch |
часы |
Fruit |
фрукты |
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СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ, УПОТРЕБЛЯЕМЫЕ ТОЛЬКО ВО МНОЖЕСТВЕННОМ ЧИСЛЕ
Contents |
Содержание |
Trousers |
Брюки |
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Wages |
Зарплата |
Spectacles |
Очки |
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Clothes |
Одежда |
Tropics |
Тропики |
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Goods |
Товар |
Memoirs |
Мемуары |
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Politics |
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Политика |
Scales |
весы |
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Slums |
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трущобы |
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ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ |
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Единственное число |
Cat’s |
[s] |
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Tom’s |
[z] |
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Mother’s |
[z] |
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Boss’ (s) |
[iz] |
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Marx’ (s) |
[iz] |
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Множественное число |
Sisters’ |
[z] |
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Children’s |
[z] |
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The Browns’ (s) |
[z] |
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Притяжательный падеж обозначает принадлежность:
Mother’s bedroom is on the second floor. Мамина спальня на втором этаже. These are my sister’s books. Это книги моей сестры.
Your children’s pictures are so nice. Рисунки ваших детей очень хорошие. The boss’s office is very large. Приемная начальника очень большая.
АРТИКЛЬ
Неопределенный артикль a (an) употребляется только в единственном числе, когда лицо или предмет не знакомы или употребляются впервые.
They live in a new house with a garden and a swimming pool.
He has a sister and a brother.
She was a young girl of 17.
I want an apple.
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Определенный артикль the употребляется как в единственном, так и во множественном числе, когда лицо или предмет знакомы или известны говорящим.
The house is new and the garden is wonderful.
The sister and the brother are very much alike.
The young girl was only 17.
Хотя употребление того или иного артикля определяется контекстом, существуют случаи фиксированного употребления артикля.
Определенныйартикль
1.The Russians, the English, the Americans.
2.The Browns, the Martins, the Petrovs.
3.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the USA, the Ukraine, the Netherlands.
4.The Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the English Channel, the Thames, the Volga.
5.The Urals, the Rocky Mountains, the Bermudas, the British Isles.
6.The first of September, the third place, the best novel, the most interesting book.
7.The North, the South, the East, the West. ..
8.The sun, the moon, the earth, the universe.
Артикль не употребляется:
1.Pushkin Square; house number 40; Downing Street, No. 10; page 15; room.
2.James Smith, Mary Larsen, Doctor Smith, Lord Byron, Queen Elizabeth.
3.Europe, Asia, Africa, South-East Asia, Latin America, France, Russia, Great Britain.
4.London, Washington, Moscow, Paris.
5.from day to day, from morning till night, from beginning to end, from head to foot, from time to time.
6.to have breakfast (lunch, dinner).
ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
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количественные |
порядковые |
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1 |
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one |
первый |
thefirst |
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2 |
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two |
второй |
thesecond |
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3 |
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three |
третий |
thethird |
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4 |
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four |
четвертый |
thefourth |
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5 |
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five |
пятый |
thefifth |
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6 |
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six |
шестой |
thesixth |
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7 |
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seven |
седьмой |
theseventh |
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8 |
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eight |
восьмой |
the eighth |
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9 |
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nine |
девятый |
the ninth |
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10 |
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ten |
десятый |
the tenth |
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11 |
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eleven |
одиннадцатый |
the eleventh |
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12 |
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twelve |
двенадцатый |
the twelfth |
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13 |
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thirteen |
тринадцатый |
the thirteenth |
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14 |
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fourteen |
четырнадцатый |
thefourteenth |
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20 |
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twenty |
двадцатый |
the twentieth |
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21 |
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twentyone |
двадцатьпервый |
thetwentyfirst |
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32 |
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thirtytwo |
тридцатьвторой |
the thirtysecond |
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40 - forty
50 - fifty
100 - a hundred / one hundred
300 - three hundred
1,000 – a thousand
5,000 – five thousand
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1,000,000 – a million
10,000,000 – ten million
При чтении чисел после “hundred” произносится “and”:
563 – five hundred and sixty three
1,450 – fourteen hundred and fifty
Даты:
1147 – eleven forty seven
1493 – fourteen ninety three
1992 – nineteen ninety two
1900 – nineteen hundred
1905 – nineteen “o” [ou] five
2000 – two thousand
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
ЛИЧНЫЕ |
ЛИЧНЫЕ |
ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬН |
АБСОЛЮТНАЯ |
ВОЗВРАТН |
местоимения |
местоимен |
ЫЕ |
ФОРМА |
ЫЕ |
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в |
ия в |
местоимения |
притяжательн |
местоимен |
именительно |
объектном |
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ых |
ия |
м падеже |
падеже |
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местоимений |
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I |
ME |
MY |
MINE |
MYSELF |
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HE |
HIM |
HIS |
HIS |
HIMSELF |
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SHE |
HER |
HER |
HERS |
HERSELF |
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IT |
IT |
ITS |
ITS |
ITSELF |
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WE |
US |
OUR |
OURS |
OURSELVES |
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YOU |
YOU |
YOUR |
YOURS |
YOURSELVE |
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THEY |
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THEM |
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THEIR |
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THEIRS |
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THEMSELVE |
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УКАЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ |
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Единственное число |
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this – этот |
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that – тот |
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Множественное число |
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these – эти |
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those - те |
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Examples: |
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I want to talk to him. Tell them about her.
Will you have dinner with us?
My family lives in Moscow. Her brother is a worker.
Their house is better than ours. (our house)
Is this her coat? – Yes, it’s hers (her coat).
Can you do it yourself? The boy can dress himself.
She likes to stay by herself. I want to see it for myself.
This is my sister and these are her friends.
Look at this girl! Look at that house!
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
MUCH много – с неисчисляемыми существительными: much time, much money, much water, much sun, much snow, much milk, much food.
MANY много – с исчисляемыми существительными: many books, many students, many houses, many trees, many flowers, many rivers.
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LITTLE |
мало - с неисчисляемыми существительными: little time, little |
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money, little water, little sun, little snow, little milk, little food. |
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FEW |
мало - с исчисляемыми существительными: few books, few |
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students, few houses, few trees. |
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A LITTLE |
немного: |
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I have a little time. Wait a little. There is a little water. |
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A FEW |
несколько: |
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There are a few chairs in the room. I want to tell you a few words. |
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Much и many в современном английском языке употребляются чаще в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. В утвердительных предложениях употребляется a lot of как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными.
Examples:
Have you got many relatives?
Do we have much work to do today?
We don’t have much time to stay here long.
We have a lot of friends here.
He earns a lot of money.
They have a lot of children.
She spends a lot of time at home.
SOME,ANY,NOИИХПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
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