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.docxTHE FUTURE PERFECT versus THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Ex.21. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect.
Let’s hope they will have repaired (repair) the road by the end of this summer.
The train will have left(leave) by that time. We have to look for another way to get there.
He will not have graduated (not graduate) from university by May.
Don’t say anything. You will have forgotten (forget) me by then.
By Christmas, Patrick and his wife will have been married(be married) for 20 years.
My uncle will have retired(retire) by the end of this year.
Will you have bought (buy) a new printer by the end of this week?
By the time you get home we shall have cleaned(clean) the house from top to bottom.
I shall not have completed(not complete) the report until 5 o’clock. Will you help me?
We’d better wait till the end of the month. Charles will have passed(pass) his exams by then, so we’ll be able to travel together.
Ex.22. Say or write what they will have been doing by the end of this year.
Be attentive: state verbs cannot have the Perfect Continuous Tense form.
Model:
My brother /run/ his own business/ five years –
By the end of this year, my brother will have been running his own business for five years.
Monica /design clothes/ three years.
My father/work for the same company/ ten years.
Elizabeth /be in this job/six years.
My friend Kevin/ study/Economics/ four years.
They/ build their new house/ two years.
William Brown/train the Irish national basketball team/ five years.
The Greens /live in this house/ twenty years.
Martha /specialize in growing tulips/ about four years.
Helen /play the piano/over ten years.
Her elder brother Nick/play football/ five years.
Виконання(відповідь):
1. By the end of this month, Monica will have been designing clothes for three years.
2. By the end of this year, my father will have work for this company for ten years.
3. By the end of this year, Elizabeth will have been in this job for six years.
4. By the end of this year, my friend Kevin will have been studying economics for four years.
5. By the end of this year, they will have been building their home for two years.
6. Ву the end of this year, William Brown wiil have been coaching Ireland's national basketball team for five years.
7. By the end of this year, the Greens will have been living in this house for twenty years.
8. By the end of this year, March will have been specialize in tulip cultivation for about four years.
9. By the end of this year, Helen will have been play the piano for over ten years.
10.By the end of this year, her older brother Nick will have been play football for five years.
Ex.23. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, the Future Perfect or the Future Perfect Continuous.
Television began broadcasting in 1947. By the year 2017, people will have been watching (watch) TV for 70 years.
Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, he will have spent (spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.
I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I will have been studying (study) for nine months and I will have been (be) in England for exactly one year.
By the time they arrive, we will have gone(go) home.
We won’t make a decision until we will have consulted (consult) everyone.
You only imagine! You will have been flaying(fly) non-stop for fourteen hours before you get to Kolkata.
In June, my grandmother and grandfather will have been married (be married) for fifty years.
The party will have been going (go) for ages by the time we arrive.
You will have perfected (perfect) your English by the time you come back from the US.
By the time we get to Chicago this evening, we will have been driving (drive) more than four hundred miles. We are going to be exhausted.
Ex.25. Choose the correct tense form.
1. Don’t sit in the draught or you ______C______ a cold.
a) are catching b) are going to catch c) will catch d) will have caught
2. Ask her again. Perhaps she _____A_______ her mind.
a) will change b) is going to change c) will have changed d) will be changing
3. They ____D______ Kennedy Airport by now and will be on their way to England.
a) will be leaving b) will left c) will have been leaving d) will have left
4. We ____C________ to London tomorrow. Would you like to come with us?
a) drive b) will have been driving c) are driving d) will have driven
5. Margie just called and said she would be here at 8 o’clock. By the time she gets here, we ____C________ for her for two hours.
a) will wait b) will be waiting c) will have been waiting d) will have waited
6. _____B(C)_______ to town today? - Yes, why? – Can I come with you?
a) will you be going b) will you go c) are you going to go d) will have gone
7. I can’t believe that you _____C_______ on a plane to Malta while I’m driving to work tomorrow morning.
will sit b) will have been sitting c) will be sitting d) will have sat
Careful, Tony! You _____C_______ the vase.
a) will drop b) are dropping c) are going to drop d) will have dropped
9. Cars of tomorrow ______C______ using gas and they won’t pollute the air.
a) are going to stop b) will be stopping c) will stop d) will have been stopping
10. I’m afraid the train _____C_______ before we reach the station.
a) will leave b) won’t leave c) will have left d) is going to leave
11. I can’t believe that by the end of this week we _____B_______ all our exams.
a) will pass b) will have passed c) pass d) are going to pass
12. Just imagine! This time next summer we _____C_______ on a beautiful beach in Palma de Majorca.
a) are going to lie b) will lie c) will be lying d) will have been lying
13. When the mountaineers get back to the base, they _____B_______ in the snowstorm for two days.
a) will be b) will be being c) are going to be d) will have been
14) Tom will be very tired when he ______B______. He will have been travelling for twenty four hours.
a) will arrive b) arrives c) have arrived d) will be arriving
15. The film ______C______ by the time we get there.
a) will start b) is going to start c) will have started d) will be starting
TEXT B: ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN A FREE-ENTERPRISE ECONOMY
Ex.18. Scan the text bellow and give headlines to each paragraph.
(Strict policy) If markets and market systems are so efficient, why let the government tamper with their actions at all? Why not adopt a strict policy of what is called laissez-fair and allow private markets to operate without any government interference? (0) There are several reasons that economists have identified.
(National defense)National defense is one example where the role of government is indispensable because the defense of a nation is a type of good that is completely different from oranges, computers, or housing. People do not pay for each unit they use, but purchase it collectively for the entire nation. Providing defense services to one individual doesn’t mean that there is less defense for others because all people, in effect, consume those defense services together. In fact, these services are even provided to people in a country who don’t want them because there really isn’t an effective way not to. Nations can afford to build jet fighters; neighbourhoods or individuals cannot. (1)(E) By intervening, government can force the producers and consumers of the product to pay the cleanup costs. In essence, this economic role of government is simply to make those who enjoy the benefits of selling and consuming a product pay all of the costs of producing and consuming it. That is why national defense must be administered by the government and paid for through taxes.
(The level of pollution) Harmful by-products of manufacturing operations, such as the pollution of air, water and soil, are called externalities and often occur where the ownership of a resource, for example air, seas, rivers, public lands, etc., is not held by individuals or private organizations. Most pollution is, in fact, released into the air, oceans, and rivers precisely because there are no individual owners of those resources who have strong personal incentives to hold polluters liable for the damage they do. (2) (F) Without such assurances, few people are going to risk their time and money in enterprises whose rewards may possibly go to the state or some other group.Once the government has established an acceptable, or at least, tolerable level of pollution, it can use laws, regulations, fines, special taxes, even jail sentences to reduce the pollution. This is a classic example of a so-called external cost that is not reflected in the price through normal workings of the marketplace. It is called external because – as in the case of a river polluted by a paper-producing company − neither the company nor its customers are bearing the actual cost of paper production. Instead, a portion of the cost − the pollution factor − has been shifted to the people who live or work along the river and those taxpayers who eventually are stuck with the cleanup bill. (3)(A ) Another example of externalities but in the form of external benefits is public education. Education is often claimed to offer external benefits in a nation because educated workers are more flexible and productive and less likely to become unemployed. That means government’s spending more for public education today may ultimately lead to savings in public and private spending to fight crime, poverty, and other social problems, as well as increasing the skill level, flexibility, and productivity of the workforce.
(The government's protection of private property)Governments in market economies must establish and protect the right to private property and to the economic gains derived from the use of that property. (4) (G) One such role is to provide a widely accepted, stable currency that eliminates the need for cumbersome and inefficient systems of barter, and to maintain the value of that currency through policies that limit inflation (an increase in the overall level of prices of goods and services). The government's protection of private property obviously extends to land, factories, stores, and other tangible goods, but it also extends to so-called intellectual property: the products of people's minds as expressed in books and other writings, the visual arts, films, scientific inventions, engineering designs, pharmaceuticals, and computer software programmes.
("Social safety net") Some people do not have the skills or other resources to earn a living in a market economy. Others benefit greatly from inherited wealth and talents, or from the business, social, and political connections of their families and friends. Governments in market economies inevitably engage in programmes that redistribute income, and they often do so with the explicit intention of making tax policies and the after-tax distribution of income fairer. Governments in virtually all market economies provide support for the unemployed, medical care for the poor, and pension benefits for retired persons. Taken together, these programmes provide what is sometimes called a "social safety net." (5)(D) Over the last 40 years these social programs have been rapidly growing parts of government spending and taxation programs in most industrialized economies.
(Fiscal and monetary policies) Governments in market economies play critical roles in providing the economic conditions in which the marketplace of private enterprise can function most effectively. (6)(C) This kind of good is called a public good because no private business could sell such goods and services to citizens of a nation and stay in business. Besides, governments have developed a standard set of stabilization policies − known as fiscal and monetary policies − that they can use to try to moderate (or ideally to eliminate) periods of economic recession and slump. Fiscal policies employ government spending and tax programmes to stimulate the national economy in times of high unemployment and low inflation, or to slow it down in times of high inflation and low unemployment. To stimulate the overall level of spending, production, and employment, the government itself will spend more and tax less, even if it incurs a deficit. Monetary policy involves changes in a nation's supply of money and the availability of credit. To increase spending in times of high unemployment and low inflation, policymakers increase the supply of money, which lowers interest rates (that is, reduces the price of money), thereby making it easier for banks to make more loans. This encourages more spending on consumption by putting additional money in people's hands. Lower interest rates also stimulate investment spending by businesses seeking to expand and hire more workers. In a period of high inflation and low unemployment, by contrast, policymakers can cool down the economy by raising interest rates; thereby reducing the supply of money and the availability of credit. (7) (B) Then, with less money in the economy to spend and higher interest rates, both spending and prices will tend to fall, or at least increase less quickly.
Ex.19. Read the text. Choose the best sentence A-G to fill in each of the gaps 1-7. Do not use any letter more than once. There is an example at the beginning.
0 There are several reasons that economists have identified.
A Another example of externalities but in the form of external benefits is public education.
B Then, with less money in the economy to spend and higher interest rates, both spending and prices will tend to fall, or at least increase less quickly.
C This kind of good is called a public good because no private business could sell such goods and services to citizens of a nation and stay in business.
D Over the last 40 years these social programs have been rapidly growing parts of government spending and taxation programs in most industrialized economies.
E By intervening, government can force the producers and consumers of the product to pay the cleanup costs. In essence, this economic role of government is simply to make those who enjoy the benefits of selling and consuming a product pay all of the costs of producing and consuming it.
F Without such assurances, few people are going to risk their time and money in enterprises whose rewards may possibly go to the state or some other group.
G One such role is to provide a widely accepted, stable currency that eliminates the need for cumbersome and inefficient systems of barter, and to maintain the value of that currency through policies that limit inflation (an increase in the overall level of prices of goods and services).