Английский язык. Упражнения по грамматическим моделям методические указания для подготовки бакалавров по направлениям 54.03.01, 35.03.10, 08.03.01, 15.03.02

5.On the sites with better moisture conditions, as in low spots or irrigated areas, the native cottonwoods do well.

6.It is too bad that so little is known as yet as to the effect different sites and different types of forest management have on the quality of the wood in different species.

7.Since different mills have different requirements as to length, it is always wise to get complete information before cutting begins or a sale is made.

8.The small trees should be set the same depth as they grew in the nursery with the roots well spread out.

9.Nevertheless, it is quite clear that these pine forests are producing less than half as much as they could.

10.In the beginning, the lumbering and timber industry grew at the same rate as the mining industry developed.

11.The farmers get practical instruction by the foresters as to why one tree is marked to be cut and another is left to grow.

12.So far as the American chestnut is concerned, there is no control for the

blight.

13.As the trees develop they require more room for satisfactory growth.

14.As a forest formation this forest is of no great importance but it contains a great number of well known species.

15.In most of the cells in wood the protoplasm disappears as the cells mature and they become filled with water or air or with varying proportions of each.

16.As in most woods over one half of the volume is occupied by cell cavities, their hardness is not so great.

"BUT''

1.Pruning the lower branches at a young age eliminates knots from all but the centre of the tree.

2.Longleaf pine is very intolerant and has but few associates.

3.The leaves of our trees vary much in size and shape; they are simple when composed of but one piece, as the leaves of the oak, maple and Iarch, and compound when composed of more than one piece, as the leaves of lochust, ash and walnut.

4.At the end of the first season, white oak seedlings with but 3 to 4 in. of slender top growth, terminate below in a prodigious taproot 0,25 to 0,5 in. in diameter at the surface and extending a foot or more into the ground.

5.Eliminating all but one, two, or possibly three such leaders (buds), may cause those left to grow into satisfactory Christmas trees.

6.Economically there can be but little winter feeding of such cattle.

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7.Dangerous practice is burning against any but a northerly wind; others are not reliable.

8.There was the same public support for herb protection, but logging and fires had affected but a small proportion of the forest area.

9.In our field we are interested especially in penetrating gamma rays or the softer beta rays, although they travel but a short distance in woody tissue.

10.The plants were green and fresh, but a week ago the terrible drought killed them, all but one plant were droughted.

11.This tree does not a bit resemble a copper birch. It can be anything but copper-birch.

"FOR''

1.A tree aids in retaining water in the surface soil by creaking the force of the wind, and thus retarding evaporation, for it is known that evaporation increases with the rapidity of the air-currents.

2.The crown has much to do with the life of a tree, for in this part take place the most important processes in the digestion of its food and the reproduction of the tree.

3.Strange to think that from such tiny seeds should have sprung the oldest living things on earth, for some of these Big Trees are certainly 3,000 years old and probably individuals are over 4,000 years.

4.The width of the annual rings increases in young trees for a number of years, then remains constant, and diminishes when the tree becomes old.

5.Fertility of the soil is also important, for the building of' the tree body requires an ample supply of mineral elements.

6.The coast of the Arctic Sea is destined to play an important role in the development of the timber industry, for a great industrial transformation has taken place in Russia within the Arctic Circle, with the mastery of the Northern Sea Route.

7.The usefulness then depends further on the plant which utilizes organic matter, for not all plants have the same assimilation potentialities.

8.Manganese was found to be suitable in this work for it is not toxic when injected into trees.

9.It is evident that environment is responsible for much of the variation.

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"SINCE''

1.Since soils are formed slowly, their loss through accelerated erosion is especially serious.

2.Since the fruits of conifers are quite different in structure from those of broad-leaved trees, each group is considered separately.

3.Height growth is of first importance in the early life of a tree, since on the early height of a seedling depends its fate in the struggle for existence.

4.Protection from severe winds may greatly affect the growing plants, since, on account of the winds, many plants that may be successfully growing when protected cannot be grown in open places.

5.The amount of moisture in wood is important in its utilization, since it affects its weight, strength, shrinking or swelling, durability, inflammability and conductivity of heat and electricity.

6.Since most windborne seed germinate best in contact with mineral soil, some form of rough cultivation is effective.

7.Since direct seeding has the major drawback of generally being more subject to failure, one may ask where it can be used to best advantage.

8.Since different mills have different requirements as to length, it is always wise to get complete information before cutting begins.

9.Since most of the labour is expended in producing raw gum in the woods, more efficient methods of gum extraction are needed.

10.Only during the past 40 years, since the creation of the national forests, has any positive action been taken to give protection to the forest.

11.Since yield and prices of the product are low, any system followed must be selected with the end of balancing costs and results.

12.It should be the aim to keep this large land area producing successive crops of essential wood products, since the forest is, all things considered, the highest use of the area.

13.Since there are usually severe restrictions on pets, (while visiting national Parks) it would be better to leave them behind if possible.

14.Since growth of the top of the tree is greatest on the side favoured by the sun, more nourishment is transported on that side, resulting in thicker annual rings.

15.Since the character of the vegetation is primarily influenced by such factors of climate as temperature, precipitation and wind, these vegetational zones reflect the climate differences of this vast country.

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"WHETHER''

1.In fact, interest in management for continuous production is characteristic of most pulp and paper companies, regardless of whether they operate their own land or purchase timber.

2.The next phase of these investigations will be to determine whether dry, smooth bark is inheritable and, if so, to produce trees with this characteristic for reforestation purposes.

3.Among the careless people who are responsible for most of the wildfires are those who flip glowing matches or drop burning cigarettes and cigars, with no regard as to whether they roll into dry grass, brown pine needless or dry leaves.

4.An answer must be sought to the question as to whether fire can be used to remove the soil cover sufficiently to obtain a satisfactory natural stand.

5.Whether or not the landowner wishes to grow timber, stock will be present and wildfires will continue.

6.To determine whether some of these lost years of growth could be saved, a programme was started for burning varying age classes of the delayed-growth stands.

7.Whether it is better to search for help or to wait for help depends on whether you are injured and whether you have let anyone know where you were going and when you would be back.

8.Observations have been made each year to determine whether the different cuttings had damaged the plots appreciably, whether erosion was beginning.

9.Whether it pays to prune forest tree depends on the market value of different grades of lumber of a particular species.

10.The phenomenon is associated with the internal water relations of the tree, but more intensive investigation is necessary to determine whether the site of moisture control is at the cambium itself or in the leaves or roots.

11.The silviculturist should know whether the trees under his management are capable of continuing extension growth for the complete growing season, or whether they cease height growth and set buds by mid-summer.

"ONCE''

1.Once the young trees have been established a programme of silviculture treatment comes into operation.

2.The layer of wood thus developed is known as an annual ring which, after it is once formed, does not change in size or place during the life of the tree.

3.Transplants are seedlings that have been at least once transplanted.

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4.After the first two seasons, the rate of growth of young trees increases, and when once established, this species makes rapid growth.

5.Once all the timber cover is removed, a frost pocket develops that may persist for decades before a forest cover can be reestablished.

6.There is no satisfactory method of eliminating mistletoe from the trunk once it becomes established there.

''EITHER''

1.Coniferous fruits may be either dry or fleshy.

2.Many species are adapted to regeneration by natural means either through sprouting from the stump or the distribution of seeds.

3.The fruits of many conifers are obtainable at any time of the year either attached to the branches or scattered on the ground under the tree.

4.Like the true cambium, this cork cambium may encase the whole tree, or it may form little separate films in the bark. In either case it dies from time to time and is re-formed nearer the wood.

5.Pure forests are generally found where fairly large areas have been artificially established, either on an old forest site, or on land previously not under trees by planting out transplants from nurseries or less commonly by sewing seeds.

6.Some form of rough cultivation, either immediately before or after seed fall, is effective.

7.Damage to pine trees can be checked either by cutting out the attacking beetles or by injecting carbon bisulfide into their galleries.

8.But neither the broad pattern of forests nor the local variations are standing still.

9.So it became necessary either to leave more of the tree in the woods or to find a way to make a profit from all that was hauled to the market.

10.A number of common heart rot fungi may enter the trunk through the roots, either through root wounds, or contact with decayed roots of other trees.

11.If the breeder meets either one of these types of inheritance, he will have comparatively little difficulty in obtaining trees with a satisfactory degree of resistance.

12.Most systems use either direct measurement of the moisture content on the surface or measurements of the relative humidity and temperature of the air.

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"WHAT''

1.The cells between the last layer of sapwood and bark make up what is known as cambium layer.

2.The embryo tree awakens from its sleep and begins to grow that causes this awakening of life is not exactly known, and what is known is complicated, indeed.

3.What is most important is that there is cellulose in all trees, vegetables and fruits.

"BECAUSE OF''

1.Because of the resinous nature of foliage, bark and wood, fire is always a serious menace to pine forests.

2.Coniferous forests have always been of outstanding importance because of the nature of the wood, the form of the forest and its accessibility to modern civilization.

3.Because of the cavities in the cells the majority of woods, when dry, are fairly light and this is of great advantage in the manufacture of furniture and some other articles requiring a certain size, but not great weight or strength.

4.Because of their small size, forest tree seedlings and transplants can be grown in large numbers on small areas of nursery beds.

5.Under unfavourable conditions, as when lumber is placed in contact with mo'st soil, heartwood is more durable than sapwood because of its infiltrated materials which are more or less toxic to wood-destroying organisms.

6.However, sapwood is often preferred in many lumber products because of its light colour, straight grain, ease of working and relative lack of visible irregularities.

7.Because of the shallow root system, red spruce is susceptible to windthrow, it is also severely damaged by fire.

8.At night, because of the absence of light, photosynthesis is at a standstill, but respiration continues.

9.Because of adverse climatic conditions, more than two fifths of the country's total forested area is classified as nonproductive - that is, as land incapable of producing crop of merchantable timber.

10.Because of its beautifully shaped crown and dense lustrous foliage, the silver fir is commonly used ornamentally, particularly in Europe.

11.Forest ecology because of interdependence ef many factors offers a great number of problems.

12.Because of the nature of our material and that of human endeavour, we should consider both laboratory application and that supplied by accidental coincidence.

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13.Tree physiology, because of the type of its problems, is the most obvious discipline where radioisotopes can be widely applied.

14.The dormant seed, because of its inactivity and small size, has many advantages as an experimental object over the growing tree.

15.Alpha, beta and gamma radiations have limited usefulness as an external source, because of their low penetration.

16.Because of the nature of the relationship between the tree, the fungus and the soil, approximations concerning this role were not determined for a long time.

17.Engelmann spruce is a species that requires clear cutting because of a lack of wind firmness.

18.Because of certain inherent drawbacks, however, direct seeding is not regarded as a method to replace planting on a wide scale.

19.Much of this work has been done with pines because of their wide distribution.

20.The losses of eggs and fish may be heavy because of floods.

CONSTRUCTION WITH DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1.The stronger the wind, the greater the radiation of actual velocity, but not of relative velocity.

2.The thicker and more decomposed the litter and humus of the forest floor, the more water it will held.

3.The further the north one goes, the lower becomes the timber limit.

4.The more favourable the temperature conditions are during seed maturation, the better the seed quality of the embryo development will be.

5.The faster trees grow in diameter, the more taper they will have.

6.The better the embryonic state, the higher the germination capacity.

7.The more trees to the acre, the better.

8.The closer the spacing, the more trees are needed to the acre and the more they cost to produce.

9.The greater the danger of fire, the greater was the numbers of units activated.

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