Аврамова NUCLEAR ENGLISH 2013

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «that».

that (those) – тот, та, то (те) – указательное местоимение that - что (союз)

that – который (союзное слово)

that, so that, in order that – чтобы (союзы цели)

that – то, чтобы; так, чтобы – союз (вводит придаточное предложе-

ние)

that is – то есть

that (those) – слово-заменитель …is that… – состоит в том, что…

1.Nuclear specialists say that nuclear power is the only available method of producing clean electricity.

2.An important feature of the nuclear reactor is that the products of reactor operation are radioactive.

3.As the speed of the particle approaches that of light, its mass increases.

4.Radioactivity is readily measurable and its effects are well understood compared with those of chemical substances.

5.Accident statistics in nuclear power should be compared with those from coal-fired electricity generation.

6.All the types considered are thermal reactors, that is, the neutrons in them are moderated.

7.A number of the new designs are based on passive safety, that is, on natural forces.

8.Electricity is important for many reasons. One is that it helps increase our standard of living as the population grows.

9.The total number of operations that that device can perform is

great.

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «number».

a number – число, номер (существительное) a number of – (целый) ряд, набор, несколько the number of – число

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1.Since the atom is electrically neutral, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

2.A number of important discoveries in the nuclear field were made in the 20th century.

3.Actually, the number of discoveries was so great that this resulted in the nuclear technology.

4.There are a number of technologies for reprocessing the spent fuel.

5.The International Atomic Energy Agency has a number of nuclear energy programs.

6.The number of fuel assemblies in the reactor depends on the reactor power output.

7.A number of instruments can detect and measure radiation.

8.The number of steps for the atom to decay is well known.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «result».

a result – результат (существительное)

to result – возникать (глагол)

to result in – приводить к… (глагол)

to result from – проистекать из, быть результатом чего-либо (гла-

гол)

as a result – в результате, как результат

1.The results of the reactor safety study were published in 1974 in the document known as the Rasmussen Report.

2.Each nuclear fission in the reactor produces one additional fission, which results in the chain reaction.

3.The new evolutionary designs have already produced good results.

4.They resulted in improving safety and reliability, simplifying the operation and reducing the cost.

5.The Chernobyl accident resulted from lack of safety culture.

6.Radioactivity decay results in the release of ionizing radiation.

7.A major loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) can result in a core meltdown.

8.Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are produced as a result of coal-fired electricity generation.

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9. There have been a number of accidents in reactors but none of these resulted in loss of life or long-term contamination.

10.Lack of national resources in Japan resulted in a major nuclear program.

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «before».

before – до (предлог)

before – до того как, прежде чем (союз)

e.g.: Before the experiment… before – прежде (наречие)

e.g.: before the experiment starts…

1.Before the experiment you should read the instructions.

2.Before you start the experiment, you should study the instructions.

3.Before the idea becomes a reality, there is much experimentation to be carried out.

4.Man always wants to know something which has never been known before.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «after».

after – после (предлог)

e.g.: After the experiment… after – после того как (союз)

e.g.: After the experimentation was completed…

1.After completing the experiment the scientists obtained important results.

2.After the experiment was completed, the scientists obtained important results.

3.Fission products are the smaller atoms left after the atom undergoes fission.

4.Fission products continue to give off heat and radiation after fission has stopped.

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5.After the Chernobyl accident changes were made in both the reactors themselves and in the control systems.

6.The amount of energy before and after transformation is always the same.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «if, unless, provided, in case, until».

if – если (условный союз)

unless – если не… (условный союз)

provided (that) – если, при условии, что… (условный союз)

in case – если, в случае если (условный союз)

NB! until – 1) до тех пор, пока не… (союз времени), 2) до (предлог времени)

1.A chain reaction can be sustained if there is a critical mass of fissile material available.

2.An atom with an electrical charge is called an ion. The charge is positive if the atom has more protons than electrons and the charge is negative if the atom has more electrons than protons.

3.The particle will not be absorbed by the target nucleus unless its velocity corresponds with one of the energy levels of the nucleus.

4.The neutron is likely to be captured by the nucleus provided it is in resonance with an energy level of the nucleus.

5.Radioactive isotopes must be handled with great care in case they cause radiation damage.

6.Unless urgent steps are taken to reduce the use of fossil fuels, the consequences could be catastrophic.

7.Until the programmers learn to think clearly, we will probably have to live with computer bugs.

8.If a substance has a long half-life, it will not give off many bits of radiation in a second – it will have “low activity”.

9.As the reaction proceeds, the temperature rises, until a steady state is reached.

10.Unless they make this assumption, they won’t obtain the proper data from the experiment.

11.In case ECCS should fail, further protection barriers become operative.

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12.Fast breeder reactors will be introduced commercially, but not until 2050.

13.No exposure to radiation should be allowed unless it produces a net benefit to those exposed or to the general public.

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «like».

to like – нравиться (глагол)

like – подобный (прилагательное) like – как, подобно (союз)

unlike – в отличие would like – хотелось бы

1.The scientist liked the idea of making another experiment.

2.Like other subatomic particles, electrons have wavelike as well as particle-like properties.

3.A reactor simply cannot explode like a nuclear bomb.

4.Like all industries, the nuclear generation of electricity produces waste.

5.Unlike fossil-fuel power plants, NPPs do not produce carbon dioxide.

6.Plutonium, like uranium-235, is fissile and can sustain the chain reaction.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «both…and…».

both – оба

both… and – как…, так и

1.In both cases there is no loss of energy.

2.Both isotopes can be effectively isolated and stored safely.

3.Both scientists studied this phenomenon.

4.Both reactors use light water both as a coolant and as a moderator.

5.The advanced reactors are designed to improve the safety of people

–both the operators and the general public, if and when things go wrong.

6.The health effects of exposure both to radiation and to chemical agents must be considered in relation to time.

7.The new design reduced both the construction and generation costs.

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8.This reactor is designed for both uranium and plutonium fuel.

9.Both fission and fusion seem promising for space propulsion applications.

10.Both solar power and wind power are already used, though on a small scale.

11.Both protons and neutrons can be obtained in a free state.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «either… or…», «neither…nor…».

either – также (в отрицательных предложениях) – наречие either of – любой (из двух), один (из двух), и тот и другой, ни

тот ни другой

either – или (союз)

either… or – либо… либо, ни… ни (в отрицательных предложени-

ях)

neither… nor – ни… ни

neither – никакой, ни один (прилагательное) neither – также не (наречие)

1.Either of these two particles may be of use.

2.Depending on the plant design, the water either boils in the reactor vessel or in a separate circuit.

3.High-level waste (HLW) may be either the used fuel itself or the waste separated in reprocessing it.

4.In either case the amount is small.

5.Either way, after 40-50 years the heat and radioactivity fall to one thousandth of the original level.

6.Most star products are either stable nuclei or nuclei decaying via electron capture.

7.Neither of the two values is correct.

8.Neither of these phenomena has yet been studied.

9.The universe is neither solid, nor liquid, nor gaseous.

10.Neither of these modes of radioactive decay is important to nuclear reactors.

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