Учебное пособие 2100

ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.The advancement in glass production has led us … the development of impact resistant glass.

2.Impact resistant glassis used … homes that are located … hurricane or tornado zones.

3.CLT relies … layers of smaller beams.

4.Kebony is a developed type … wood.

5.Graphene is a new material that is made … graphite.

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите предложения.

1.Unlike normal wood, CLT is strong both in grain and cross direction, because of

…

a)its longitudinal layers; b) its perpendicular layers.

2.Kebony is made in a process of combining sustainable softwood, …

a)bio-waste liquid and heat; b) graphite and a nano-coating of titanium dioxide.

3.At night titanium dioxide reacts to …

a)sunlight; b) ultra violet light.

4.Graphene could be used for electronic paper and communication devices because of …

a)lightweight and versatility; b) thinness and flexibility.

5.Impact resistant glass is typically used in homes because it eliminates …

a)the potential of injuries; b) the dirt, grease and bacteria.

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1. Были найдены способы причислить древесину к новейшим строительным материалам.

(They have found several ways of making wood hard and strong enough to be considered as part of the emerging advanced building materials.)

60

2.Использование перекрестно склеенной древесины позволяет экономить материал.

(Since CLT relies on layers of smaller beams, it reduces waste by using knotty timber that mills usually reject.)

3.Кебони обладает рядом ценных свойств.

(Kebony is another developed type of wood, which is more durable and stronger than ebony and it is eco-friendly and non-toxic.)

4.Двуокись титана – это простая добавка, которая используется при производстве готовых фасадов зданий.

(Titanium dioxide is a simple addition we can make to all the prefinished facades of the buildings.)

5.Технологии применения ударопрочного стекла в строительстве вносят вклад в дело защиты окружающей среды.

(Impact resistant glass encourages larger windows and allows using less concrete and other building materials, thus preserving the environment.)

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

Today’s technology has produced some emerging advanced building m... . CTL is lightweight and extremely s… . Kebony is more d… and stronger than ebony and it is eco-f… and non-toxic. They are wood a… . Titanium dioxide pulls the dirt, grease and b… out of the a… and purifies it. Graphene is one of the most v… materials that could be used in b … nearly anything. Impact resistant glass eliminates the p… of injuries caused by glass debris damaged in major w… events.

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.Can wood be considered as part of the emerging advanced building materials? (today’s technology; on wood alterations; ways of making wood hard and strong; the results of researches are CLT and Kebony)

2.What is special about CLT? (lightweight; extremely strong material; unlike normal wood; strong both in grain and cross direction; it relies on layers of smaller beams;, it reduces waste by using knotty timber)

3.Which properties does Kebony have? (more durable; stronger than ebony; ecofriendly; non-toxic)

4.Does titanium dioxide fulfill an important function in a city or town? Which one? (a nano-coating of titanium dioxide; on the outer skin of the building, pull the dirt, grease and bacteria; out of the air; purify)

5.How does titanium dioxide work during the day and at night? (reacts to sunlight that acts on it; during the day; ultra violet light; at night; UV lights; powered by energy; PV panels)

61

6.What is graphene can be used for and why? (super thin; strong; amazing conductor of electricity and heat; versatile; could be used in building nearly anything; improve solar energy; creation and operation of solar panels at lower costs; thinness and flexibility; electronic paper; communication devices; bend)

7.Why is impact resistant glass typically used in homes that are located in hurricane or tornado zones? (strong; eliminates the potential of injuries; glass debris; damaged; major weather events)

ЗАДАНИЕ 13. Расскажите о новейших строительных материалах по плану, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.The main characteristics of cross laminated timber (lightweight; extremely strong; unlike normal wood, strong both in grain and cross direction, reduces waste; knotty timber; mills reject).

2.The composition and properties of Kebony (combining; softwood; bio-waste liquid; heat; more durable and stronger than ebony; eco-friendly; non-toxic).

3.Titanium dioxide purifies air and creates a much more pleasant environment

(polluted; exhaust fumes; dirt in the air, purify; a simple addition; prefinished facades; a nano-coating of titanium dioxide; pull the dirt, grease and bacteria).

4.Graphene is a versatile material (super thin; strong; an amazing conductor of electricity and heat; could be used in building nearly anything; could improve solar energy; allow creation and operation of solar panels at lower costs; thinness and flexibility; electronic paper; communication devices; could bend; incorporating it into building structures; better and healthier environment; lower costs).

5.Impact resistant glass protects health and environment (strong glass; homes; located; hurricane or tornado zones; eliminates; the potential of injuries; glass debris; major weather events; larger windows; less concrete and other building materials, preserving the environment).

Тексты для самостоятельной работы по теме «Modern Building Materials»

Text A

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

Transparent Wood

Wood is widely used in architecture today for a number of reasons. In many ways, wood is a preferable material compared to glass and plastic. Wood has lower thermal conductivity which helps to keep a building at more consistent temperature. Wood also has good mechanical properties, such as strength, toughness and low density, which makes it even more attractive replacement for glass.

62

Transparent wood isa transparent glass-like wood you can see through. It was introduced in 2016 by two research groups, from the University of Maryland and the KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

The process of production of transparent wood consists of three basic steps. The first step consists of immersing the 4 or 5 inch block of wood in a solution of water, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulfite at boiling temperature for two hours. The second step of oxidation with hydrogen peroxide completes the leaching of the lignin. The third step consists of immersing the material in epoxy and putting it under alternating vacuum and atmospheric pressure.

The potential of transparent wood is not only in construction; it can also transform electronics. For example, it could be used to manufacture solar cells. It is a low-cost, readily available and renewable material and can be a potential solution for building solar panels, especially for large surfaces.

Transparent wood can create completely new markets for wood industry, and its applications replace materials used in several fields. Best of all, it can mean that we can have bio-based alternatives for current materials created from non-renewable sources. Both research teams believe, we don’t need to wait long before the rapid success of this great material will begin.

WRITING TASK

Напишите эссе на английском языке на тему “Application of Transparent Wood”.

Text B

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

The Latest Modern Construction Materials

The much awaited and anticipated revolution in construction is gaining momentum. We now have drones, virtual reality, augmented reality, BIM, project management, etc. Researchers are taking technology to the next level. Let us have a look at some innovative construction materials that could revolutionize the building sector:

Hydroceramics

Due to the combination of clay and hydrogel a new material that has a cooling effect on building interiors was created. Hydroceramics has the ability to reduce the indoor temperature by up to 6 degrees Celsius. Its cooling effect comes from the presence of hydrogel in its structure, which absorbs water. The absorbed water is released to reduce the temperature during hot days.

Incorporating an innovative cooling system in the current building structure has made hydroceramics into one of the coolest building materials to revolutionize construction. More progress in this direction can make household air conditioners obsolete and add one more element on the list of the materials that are needed for building a house.

63

Light generating cement

It is produced using the process ofpolycondensationof raw materials such as river sand, industrial waste, silica, water, and alkali. The process is done at room temperature, so the energy usage is low.

The potential uses and application of cement that has the ability to absorb and irradiate light can be huge. The construction industry is evolving and one of the main trends is the move towards a more resource and energy efficient way of creating structures. Therefore, the applications of cement acting as a ‘light bulb’ are very broad. We can use them in swimming pools, parking lots, road safety signs, and others.

Bendable concrete

With the help of interlocking fibers this innovative material, actually flexes to absorb pressure, changes in temperature, and movement.The concrete is technically a composite because it mixes special fibers with regular concrete. The fibers account for some of the flexibility and strength because they distribute weight evenly throughout the slab. They also flex when meet with a lot of pressure. The fibers move their position slightly to accommodate the added weight.

Even before this new kind of concrete is widely implemented, it is compatible with today's roads. Bendable concrete can be used as patching material for existing potholes or cracks. Since it is a relatively recent development, there is still much research and further improvement necessary before it is accepted as a feasible alternative to traditional pavement.

WRITING TASK

Подготовьте презентацию на английском языке на тему “Applications of the Advanced Building Materials in Modern Construction”.

64

PART III

ARCHITECTURE, RESTORING AND TOWN PLANNING

Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures or ensembles according to aesthetic and functional criteria.When the architect designs a structure, he uses the knowledge of centuries.

Design may be considered as the architectural concept of a building represented by plans, elevations and drawings.

The conservation and restoration is a process of protection and care of artworks, architecture, archaeology and museum collection, i.e. cultural heritage. Building restoration is an attempt to return it to a previous state.

City planning is planning a future community in an organized manner and with an organized layout, taking into account such aspects as environmental conditions, social requirements, recreational facilities, esthetic design and other factors.

1.What principles should be followed by an architect?

2.In what form do designers usually perform the concept of a building?

3.What are the restorer’s functions?

4.What does urbanism should take into account?

Unit 1

Architecture

Text 1

Architecture and Sphere of its Influence

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

а) существительные: architect, person, conductor, art, process, design, structure, triumph, ceremony, result, criteria, profession, furniture, form, method;

b)прилагательные: technical, democratic, aesthetic, functional, human;

c)глаголы: design, form, administrate, process.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Прочитайте предложение и догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов.

1.A famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (in 1930) emphasized that architecture is the scientific art.

2.No concepts and ideas could be possible without a person who implements them.

3.Architects may be described as conductors who take the lead in administrating all the goals for building.

4.Architecture inspires us, helps us do our jobsand brings us together.

5.Technical knowledge creates spaces that are safe, efficient and sustainable.

65

But no concepts and ideas could be possible without a person who implements them. So an architect is an ingredient part of architecture, he plans, designs and controls the construction of buildings.

Architects may be described as conductors who take the lead in administrating all the goals for building any structure. Architects do it through the use of the following constituent elements of this process:

artistic imagination and creative vision to design spaces where their ideas and techniques are represented through form, light, textures, materials, and colours to fulfill our aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural needs;

practical and technical knowledge to create spaces that are safe, efficient, sustainable, and meet economic needs;

interpersonal skills, psychological understanding and ethical practice to craft spaces that fulfill the complex, and sometimes conflicting, needs of clients. According to different international organizations the number of architects

around the globe could be estimated as somewhere between three and four million. Architecture affects our lives and personality. As W. Churchill in 1943 assumed

“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us”.

No matter where one spends mostof their lives – indoors or outdoors, - we are always surrounded by forms, shapes artificial light, colors, furniture and so on. So buildings and cities affect our mood health and well-being.

To conclude we assert that architecture as profession is a very powerful tool that transforms the quality of the environment around us and deeply influences our lives.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

67

ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.Architecture is the scientific art …. making structure express ideas.

2.We are always surrounded …… forms, shapes, artificial light and colors.

3.The number … architects … the globe could be estimated as somewhere … three and four million.

4.Architecture is the art and science …. designing and building structures or openareas ….. aesthetic and functional criteria.

5.No concepts and ideas could be possible …. a person who implements them.

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1. The word architecture can have …

a) one determined meaning; b) many meanings.

2.Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures in keeping with …

a) aesthetic and functional criteria; b) some philosophical principles.

3. Architects may be described as conductors who take the lead in administrating

…

a) quite determined list of aims; b) all the goals for building.

4.Barack Obama, American President, claimed in his Pritzker Architecture Prize Ceremony Speech that architecture can be considered …

a)one of arts for democrats; b) the most democratic of art forms.

5.According to different international organizations the number of architects

around the globe could be estimated …

a) between three and four million; b) between two and three million.

68

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.Где бы мы ни находились, мы всегда окружены формами, пространством, светом, мебелью и т.д.

2.Для того чтобы спроектировать безопасное, экологичное и экономически выгодное пространство, необходимо обладать практическими навыками и техническими знаниями.

3.Архитектура как профессия – это очень мощный инструмент, который качественно меняет пространство вокруг нас.

4.Никакие идеи невозможно воплотить, если не будет человека, который знает, как это сделать.

5.Здания и города влияют на наше здоровье, настроение и благосостояние.

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

The word a… can have many m… . Architecture can be both an a… and a s…, a p… and a r… Dictionary of A… and C… by Cyril M. Harris says that architecture is the art and science of d… and b… structures or open a… in keeping with a… and f… criteria, or s… built in accordance with such p… . A famous American architect Frank L… W… emphasized that architecture is the scientific art of making structure express i… and it’s the triumph of h… imagination over m…, method, and men.

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.What is architecture according to the dictionaries? (the art and science of designing and building structures; aesthetic and functional criteria)

2.What definition of architecture was given by Frank Lloyd Wright? (scientific art of making structure express ideas; the triumph of human imagination)

3.What did Barack Obama claim as far as architecture concerns in his Pritzker Architecture Prize Ceremony Speech? (the most democratic of art forms)

4.What is architect? (conductors; take the lead in administrating construction)

5.What are the constituent elements of architecture? (artistic imagination and creative vision; practical and technical knowledge; psychological understanding and ethical practice)

6.What is the number of architects around the globe? (somewhere between three and four million)

7.What does architecture affect? (transforms the quality of the environment)

69