06-ren
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Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
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1. ɎɂɁɂɈɅɈȽɂə ȼɕȾȿɅȿɇɂə
1.1. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɹ) – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ. Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ: c ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɧɭɠɧɵɯ, ɜ ɬɱ. ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɹɞɵ); d ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ (ɜɨɞɚ, ɦɢɧɟ-
ɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ȼɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɨɧ- ɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ:
x ɩɨɱɤɢoɜɨɞɚ, ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ(ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ);
xɀɄɌ o ɬɨ ɠɟ;
xɤɨɠɚ o ɬɨ ɠɟ;
xɥɟɝɤɢɟ oɝɚɡɵ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫɩɢɪɬ, ɛɟɧɡɢɧ, ɷɮɢɪ ɢ ɞɪ.);
xɩɟɱɟɧɶ o ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɨɥ ɢ ɞɪ.)/
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ: ɜ ɀɄɌ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɩɢ- ɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ; ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬ ɤ. ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɀɄɌ – ɷɬɨɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ).
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ
1. ɗɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ; ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɤɨɣ:
xɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ: ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ (| 90% ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ;
xɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ;
xɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ.
2. Ƚɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ:
x ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ);
x ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Na+, K+, Cl–, Ca2+ ɢ ɞɪ.); x ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, Na+, Cl–);
x ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɇ+, ɇɋɈ3–).
3. ɂɧɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ(ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯȻȺȼ: x ɪɟɧɢɧ – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ ȺȾ;
xɷɪɢɬɪɨɩɨɷɬɢɧ – ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɩɨɷɡ;
xɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɪɢɨɥ– ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɝɨɪɦɨɧ(ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹɮɨɪɦɚɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚ D3);
xɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ – ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ.
4. Ɇɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ:
xɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ (ɩɪɢ ɞɟɡɚɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ);
xɝɥɸɤɨɧɟɨɝɟɧɟɡ (ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ), ɢɡ ɩɨ- ɱɟɤ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɱɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɢ);
xɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȺȾȽ) ɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ
–ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ȻȺȼ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ.
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
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1.2. ɇɟɮɪɨɧ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ
1.Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ – ɜɵɯɨɞ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɨɣ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭɨɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ.
2.Ɋɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɭ. 3. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ – ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɱɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɪɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶ-
ɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ) ɦɨɱɚ, ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɟɤ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ (ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɭɪɟɡ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,8–2,0 ɥ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1700 ɥ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ-
ɟɬɫɹ | 170 ɥ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ |169 ɥ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 99%) ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ. ɋɬɨɥɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ «ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɜɨɞɵ» ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.
ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ ɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ |
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ɇɟɮɪɨɧ – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
ɘɤɫɬɚ- |
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Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ |
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ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ (ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɦɥɧ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɱ- |
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ɦɟɞɭɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ |
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ɧɟɮɪɨɧ |
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ɤɟ). ɋɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸ- |
ɧɟɮɪɨɧ |
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ɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. |
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ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ |
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c ɉɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɟ – ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɥɭɛɨ- |
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ɩɨɱɤɢ |
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ɱɟɤ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ; ɡɞɟɫɶ |
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ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ |
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c |
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ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬn ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ, ɬ ɟ. ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ- |
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Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ |
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ɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ. |
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f |
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d ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹ- |
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ɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ |
d |
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ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 100%). |
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e ɉɟɬɥɹ Ƚɟɧɥɟ – ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ |
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ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
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ɦɨɱɢ. |
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f Ⱦɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ, ɜ |
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Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ |
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ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ NaCl ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸɄ+. |
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g ɋɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ – ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɦɨ-
ɱɭ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ; ɡɞɟɫɶ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚ- ɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɡɚɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɦɨɱɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɟɱɧɨ ɥɨɯɚɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦɭɩɨɱɤɢ.
Ⱦɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ
Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɵ: |80% ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ,
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ: ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɜ- ɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɢ.
ɘɤɫɬɚɦɟɞɭɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɵ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. juxta – ɜɨɡɥɟ): | 20% ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ;
ɢɯ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ: ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɢ.
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Выделение : |
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Юĸстамедуллярный неоррон - ĸонцентрация |
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В- Вы |
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растет, |
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401) |
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84 |
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Р Выравнивается . |
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эндотелий - |
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Но мы |
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за |
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Получаем |
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2500 мл |
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Ёмĸостное давление это обеспечивает (фильтр.)
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д. ĸапилляр |
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толстый |
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ĸубичесĸий |
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тонĸий |
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плосĸий |
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эпителий |
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эпителий |
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проницаем |
для |
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9 осмотич- |
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МОЗГОВОГО В-Ва точĸи. |
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части |
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моча |
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очень |
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Затем |
даст. |
отдел, |
реабсорбция |
фаĸультативная , |
там |
много |
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Пороговые : |
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ĸреатинин |
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реабсорбируется) |
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В- Ва |
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глюĸозы |
в |
моче |
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ослиотичĸость Я, |
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Вода не аĸтивно поĸидает → полиурия (В) |
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Альдостерона |
9 рембо. |
На |
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пептид |
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МНП |
(натрийуретнчесĸий |
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Вазопрессин |
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Отĸрывает |
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Аĸвамарины |
NEY |
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норме |
заĸрыты. |
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их |
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(Ва |
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рецепторы) и |
НЮ выходит |
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пассивно |
Дисфунĸция |
- не |
сахарный |
диабет. |
Диурез высоĸий |
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Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
3 |
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɟɤ
Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ; ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛ- ɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ.
Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɩɟɬɥɹɦɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ; ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹ- ɟɬ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɱɢ.
1.3. Ʉɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɚɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ |
ɉɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ |
ȼɵɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ |
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ |
ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚ |
ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚ |
ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɚɩɫɭ- |
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ɥɵ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɨɱɭ. |
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Ʉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ |
Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɦɨɱɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢ- |
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ɤɥɭɛɨɱɟɤ |
ɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ – ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ: |
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1)ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ – ɟɝɨ ɤɥɟɬ-
ɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵ;
2)ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ;
3)ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ – ɟɝɨ ɤɥɟɬɤɢɩɨɞɨɰɢɬɵ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ. |
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ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ- |
Ʉɚɩɫɭɥɚ |
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ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ |
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ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ: |
ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ |
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ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ |
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ɚ) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨ- |
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ɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɜɨɞɚ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶ- |
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ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ |
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ɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɨ- |
ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɣ |
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ɄɊɈȼɖ |
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ɱɟɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.); |
ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
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ɛ) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦ ɞɥɹ |
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ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵ- |
ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ |
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ɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɩɨɞɨɰɢɬɵ |
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ɆɈɑȺ |
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ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. |
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ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ – ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
(ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ) – ɨɤɨɥɨ 170 ɥ ɫɭɬ (120 ɦɥ ɦɢɧ).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɋɄɎ), ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ: ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɗɎȾ) ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧ-
ɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ (Ʉɮ): ɋɄɎ = Ʉɮ u ɗɎȾɸ |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɨ- |
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ɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ |
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ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ. |
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Ʉɮ |
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ɄɊɈȼɖ |
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ɆɈɑȺ |
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ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹ- |
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ɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ). Ɉɧɨ |
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ɋɄɎ |
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ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜ- |
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ɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ: |
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ɗɎȾ |
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ɗɎȾ = ɊȽɄ – ɊȽɆ – ɊɈɄ (+ ɊɈɆ) | 20 ɦɦ ɪɬ ɫɬ. |
ɊȽɄ |
ɊȽɆ |
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ɊɈɄ |
ɊɈɆ) |
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Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
4 |
x ɊȽɄ (| 60 ɦɦ ɪɬ ɫɬ.) – ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɤɥɭ-
ɛɨɱɤɚ – ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ ýɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ.
xɊȽɆ (| 15 ɦɦ ɪɬ ɫɬ.) – ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɱɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɟ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ
–ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
xɊɈɄ (| 25 ɦɦ ɪɬ ɫɬ.) – ɨɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨ- ɜɢ – ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɢ«ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ» ɜ ɧɟɣɜɨɞɭ.
xɊɈɆ – ɨɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ – ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɊɈɆ | 0, ɬ ɤ. ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɟ ɧɟɬ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɦɨɱɭ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɊɈɆ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
1.4. Ʉɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢɜ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɟ
1. ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ɋɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ: |
ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ: |
– 100% ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ |
– ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
– 65% NaCl ɢ ɜɨɞɵ |
– ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ |
– 50% K+ ɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ |
– ɇ+, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ |
2.ɉɟɬɥɹ Ƚɟɧɥɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ NaCl (ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ) ɢ ɜɨɞɵ (ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹ- ɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ); ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ.
3.Ⱦɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ – ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɚɛ-
ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɦ (n ɪɟ-
ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ) ɢ ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧɨɦ (n ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ Na+ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ Ʉ+ ɢ ɇ+).
Ɋɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ: |
ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ: |
– NaCl ɢ ɜɨɞɚ |
– Ʉ+, ɇ+, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ |
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɟ- ɬɨɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ.
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ (= ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ) – ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪ- ɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ (ɬ ɟ. ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɦ- ɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ). Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɚ) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ; ɛ) ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ – ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ – ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ; ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨ- ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ. ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟ- ɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦɢ – ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɟ- ɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɦ (ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ- ɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɞɢɧɢɬɨɬ ɠɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ- ɟɬ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɢɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ(ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ʉ,Na-ɧɚɫɨɫ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ
Na+: ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ – Ʉ,Na-ɧɚɫɨɫ ɛ ɥ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ; ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ.
K+: ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ – Ʉ,Na-ɧɚɫɨɫ ɛ ɥ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ; ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵ- ɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɢɟɜɵɦ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ. Ʉ+ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ (ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɢ Ʉ+ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ).
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
5 |
Cl–: ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Na+, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟ- ɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ.
Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ: ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ Na+ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ). ɋɢɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ Na+, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚ Ʉ,Na-ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ Na+ ɦɨɠɟɬ «ɜɬɚɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ» ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɟɟ ɤɨɧ- ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ- ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ». Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛ ɥ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-
ɬɟ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ (|10 ɦɦɨɥɶ ɥ), ɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡ- ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨ- ɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɛɟɬɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ.
Ⱥɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: ©ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ» ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ Na+
ɤɚɤ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ).
Ȼɟɥɤɢ: ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ.
Ɇɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ: ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɈȾȺ: ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ «ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Na+» – ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ- ɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ Na+. ȼɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯɚɤɜɚɩɨɪɢɧɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ.
ɆɈɑȺ |
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ɂɇɌȿɊɋɌɂɐɂɃ |
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ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ) |
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Ʉ+ |
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Ʉ+ |
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ɉɥɨɬɧɵɟ |
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ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ |
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Ʉ+ |
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2Ʉ+ |
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Ⱥɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
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ȺɌɎ |
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ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ |
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Na+ |
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3Na+ |
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Cl– |
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Ȼɚɡɨɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
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Ƚɥɸɤ |
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ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ |
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ɂɨɧɧɵɟ |
ɇ2Ɉ |
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ɇ2Ɉ |
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ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ |
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ɇ2Ɉ |
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ɇ2Ɉ |
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ɤɚɧɚɥɵ |
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Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ |
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Ⱥɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
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Ȼɚɡɨɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
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ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ |
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ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɢ |
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ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ |
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Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
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1.5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ (ɬ ɟ. ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɞɟ- ɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ) ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ:
ɗɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɹ = Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ – Ɋɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ + ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɱɟɨɛ- ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ. Ʉɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧ – ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧ: ɚ) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ; ɛ) ɧɟ ɪɟɚɛ- ɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
c Ʉɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟɤɪɟ- |
Ɋ = 0 |
ɋ = 0 |
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ɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚ- |
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ɥɨɫɶ ɡɚ 1 ɦɢɧ (Ɏ), ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟ- |
Ɏ |
Ɇ |
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ɦɹ (Ɇ): Ɇ = Ɏ. |
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d Ɇ = Cɦ u Vɦ, ɝɞɟ Cɦ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ |
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ɋɮ u 9ɮ = |
ɋɦ u Vɦ |
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ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ; Vɦ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɨɱɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸ- |
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ɳɟɣɫɹ ɡɚ 1 ɦɢɧ. |
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e Ɏ = Cɮ u Vɮ, ɝɞɟ Cɮ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ; Vɮ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɚ 1 ɦɢɧ, ɬ ɟ. ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬ-
ɪɚɰɢɢ, ɋɄɎ.
f Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɋɦu9ɦ = ɋɮu9ɮ, ɢɥɢ ɋɦu9ɦ = ɋɮ u ɋɄɎ g Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ Vɦ, ɋɦ, ɋɮ:
xVɦ – ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɦɨɱɭɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ.
xɋɦ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɟ;
xɋɮ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɬ ɟ. ɧɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ (Cɮ) ɪɚɜɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ (Cɩ): ɋɮ ɋɩ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɋɩ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɡɚɛɨɪ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɜɟɧɵ (ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɬ ɤ. ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ- ɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ).
h Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ: ɋɄɎ ɋɆ uVɆ
ɋɉ
Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋɄɎ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɄɎ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢ- ɱɢɧ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ.
ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɄɎ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɭɥɢɧ – ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɵ (ɩɪɢɪɨɪɞɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ). ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɧɭɥɢɧ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɧɭɥɢɧɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɜɜɨ- ɞɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɟɧɭ; ɦɨɱɭ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɟɬɟɪ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ.
1.6. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ (Ɋ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɋɄɎ (ɩɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɭ). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬ: Ɋ = ɋɄɎ – ɞɢɭɪɟɡ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜ % ɤ ɋɄɎ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. ɉɭɫɬɶɋɄɎ = 170 ɥ ɫɭɬ, ɞɢɭɪɟɡ = 1,7 ɥ ɫɭɬ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɟ- ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢɜɨɞɵ = 170 – 1,7 = 168,3 ɥ ɫɭɬ; % ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢɜɨɞɵ = 168,3/170 = 99%.
Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤ- ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɟɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ: ɚ) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬɫɹ; ɛ) ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢ-
ɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ.
ȼ ɧɨɪɦɟ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɦɦɨɥɶ ɥ). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜɫɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ.
Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɧɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, |
Ɋ ? |
ɋ = 0 |
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɡɚ 1 ɦɢɧ (Ɇ), ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ |
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ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ (Ɏ) ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ- |
Ɏ |
Ɇ |
ɫɬɜɨɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ (Ɋ): Ɇ= Ɏ – Ɋ. |
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Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɋɦu9ɦ = ɋɮu9ɮ – Ɋ, ɢɥɢ |
ɋɮ u Vɮ = |
ɋɦ u Vɦ |
Ɋ = ɋɮu9ɮ – ɋɦu9ɦ. |
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x9ɦ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɛɨɪ ɦɨɱɢ ɤɚɬɟɬɟɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ;
xɋɦ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɟ;
xɋɮ = ɋɩ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ (ɋɩ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɜɟɧɵ);
x9ɮ – ɷɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢ- ɧɭɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ.
Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɯɚ- ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ.
1.7.ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ: ɚ) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬɫɹ; ɛ) ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬ-
ɫɹ. ȼ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɚɦɢɧɨɝɢɩɩɭɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭɉȺȽ) – ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɤɫɢ- ɦɚɥɶɧɵɯɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɉȺȽ ɜ ɤSɨɜɢ (Cɩ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟ- ɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɉȺȽ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɉȺȽ. ɉɚɪɚɥ- ɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɛɨɪ ɦɨɱɢ ɤɚɬɟɬɟSɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ Vɦ ɢ Cɦ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɭ- ɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ (Vɮ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɭ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɉȺȽ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɉȺȽ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ- ɜɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɉȺȽ ɩɥɸɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ: Ɇ = Ɏ + ɋ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ:
ɋ= Ɇ – Ɏ = ɋɦ u Vɦ – ɋɮ u Vɮ =
=ɋɦ u Vɦ – ɋɩ u ɋɄɎ.
Ɋ = 0 |
ɋ ? |
Ɏ |
Ɇ |
ɋɮ u Vɮ = |
ɋɦ u Vɦ |
Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɉȺȽ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɟ- ɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨ- ɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ.
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
8 |
1.8. ɉɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ
ɉɨɱɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɱɢ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɱɢ ɫ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɚ ɤɨɧ- ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ ɢ ɤɪɟɚ- ɬɢɧɢɧɚ ɜ 50–100 ɪɚɡ). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ: ɚ) ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ; ɛ) ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɱɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ- ɜɨɪɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɟɬɥɹɦɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: 1) ɨɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ; 2) ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ Na+ (ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɚ- ɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ).
ɂɨɧɵ Na+ (ɚ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ Cl–) ɜɵɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɧɚ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɜ ɢɧ- ɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɧɚ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ ɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ. ɂɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ NaCl ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ.
|
– 145 ɥ |
|
|
Na+ ɇ2Ɉ |
|
170 ɥ |
ɂɁɈ- |
|
|
ɇ2Ɉ |
Na+ |
|
ɇ2Ɉ Na+ |
|
|
Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ |
|
|
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ |
|
|
ɇ2Ɉ |
|
|
|
Na+ |
|
ȽɂɉȿɊ- |
|
ȽɂɉɈ- |
25 ɥ |
|
Na+ |
ɇ2Ɉ |
|
Na+ |
ɇ2Ɉ |
– 24 ɥ |
|
|
|
Na+ |
ɇ2Ɉ |
|
|
ɇ2Ɉ |
|
Ɇɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ |
|
|
|
ȽɂɉȿɊ- |
|
|
Ⱦɢɭɪɟɡ = 1 ɥ |
|
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
9 |
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɦɨɱɢ).
c ȼ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (NaCl, ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɩɟɬɥɸ Ƚɟɧɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɨɱɚ, ɢɡɨɬɨ- ɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ.
d Ɉɩɭɫɤɚɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɧɭ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ, ɦɨɱɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɫɬɚ- ɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɧɨɣ.
e ɉɨɞɧɢɦɚɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɧɭ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ (ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ), ɦɨɱɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ NaCl ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɨɧɢɱɧɨɣɜɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ, ɬ ɤ. ɷɬɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦ).
f Ɉɩɭɫɤɚɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɟ ɦɨɱɚ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹɦɨɱɚ.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ. ȼ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛ- ɤɟ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ (ɢɡ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ) ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨ- ɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɢ. Ɇɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ ɭɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɱɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ, ɝɞɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɜɢ- ɧɵ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ (ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ NaCl). ɂɡ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɤɭɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ
ɂɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 170 ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜ- ɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟ (| 65%) ɢ ɜ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɬɥɢ Ƚɟɧɥɟ (| 20%). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ- ɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɨɣ (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ).
ȼ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ | 25 ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɱɢ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɚɛ-
ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɦ
ȺȾȽ) ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ (ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ). ȺȾȽ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȺȾȽ. Ɉɧɨ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ȺȾȽ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ (ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢ- ɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ).
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ȺȾȽ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɢ- ɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɨɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɛɟɬɟ (ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ȺȾȽ) ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɹ ɝɢ- ɩɨɬɨɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɱɚ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɢ ɞɢɭɪɟɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ
20–25 ɥ ɫɭɬ.
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
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1.9. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ
ɇɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɨɫɭɞɨɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɩɨɱɤɢ (D1- ɚɞɪɟɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ). ɉɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ (ɛɨɥɶ, ɤɪɨɜɨɩɨɬɟ- ɪɹ), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ, ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɭɪɟɡɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɪɟɧɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɱɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ƚɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ȻȺȼ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚ- ɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɞɢɭɪɟɡ |
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɭɪɟɡ |
(zɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɭɸ |
(y ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɭɸ |
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ; y ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ): |
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ; z ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ): |
x ɚɧɬɢɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ; |
x ɧɚɬɪɢɣɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɧɵɣ |
x ɚɧɝɢɨɬɟɧɡɢɧ II (ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɫɟɤ- |
ɧɚɬɪɢɣɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɩɬɢɞ, ɉɇɉ) – ɫɟɤɪɟ- |
ɪɟɰɢɸ ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ); |
ɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞ- |
xɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ(ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ Na+); |
ɫɟɪɞɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ; |
x ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ (ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢ ɫɬɢ- |
x ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧ ȿ2 – ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ |
ɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɝɢɨɬɟɧɡɢɧɚ). |
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ. |
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɋɄɎ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹ- ɳɟɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤ- ɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɡɚɧɝɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ1 – ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɦɢ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɡɚɧɝɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɋɄɎ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬ- ɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ: ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɭɸ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɭ ɢ ɦɟɡɚɧɝɢɨɰɢɬɵ.
Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ
xȺɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ Na+, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸɄ+ ɢ ɇ+.
xɉɚɪɚɬɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɪɢɨɥ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ, ɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɨɧɢɧ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɪɟɚɛ-
ɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɋɚ2+.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɪɟɧɢɧɚ |
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ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ |
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Ɋɟɧɢɧ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɸɤ- |
Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ, |
ɤɥɭɛɨɱɟɤ |
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ɫɬɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ |
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ |
ɩɨɱɟɤ |
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ɘȽȺ). |
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ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ |
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ɪɟɧɢɧ |
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ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɪɟɧɢɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: |
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1) ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɨ- |
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ɫɹɳɟɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɟ; |
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2) ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ NaCl |
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ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ; |
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ȼɵɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ |
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3) ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨ- |
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ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚ |
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ɥɨɤɨɧ |
ɢɥɢ |
ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ |
(E1- |
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ɚɞɪɟɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ). |
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ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɪɟɧɢɧɚ – ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɜ |
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Ⱦɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ |
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ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ |
ɪɟɧɢɧ ɚɧɝɢɨɬɟɧɡɢɧ ɚɥɶɞɨ- |
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ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ |
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ɫɬɟɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɊȺȺɋ). |
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ɉɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ |
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ |
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ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚ |
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1 Ɉɬ ɝɪɟɱ. mesos – ɦɟɠɞɭ, angeion – ɫɨɫɭɞ.
Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2010/11 |
11 |
1.10. Ɉɫɦɨ- ɢ ɜɨɥɸɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɊɈɋɆ) ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɜ ɧɟɣ Na+ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɨɞɵ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɈɐɄ).
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɊɈɋɆ «ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ» ɨɫɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚ- ɦɭɫɟ) ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ). ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɈɐɄ «ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ» ɜɨɥɸɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ (ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ) ɩɨɥɵɯ ɜɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ.
ɈɐɄ ɢ ɊɈɋɆ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ:
ɚ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ – ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ (ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɠɚɠɞɵ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ
ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɚ); |
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ɛ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ: ȺȾȽ, ɊȺȺɋ, ɉɇɉ. |
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ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ |
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c – ɨɫɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ |
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ɐɟɧɬɪɵ ɠɚɠɞɵ ɢ |
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ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
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d – ɜɨɥɸɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ |
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ɫɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɚ |
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ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɢ |
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Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ |
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Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ |
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ɊɈɋɆ |
c |
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ȺȾȽ |
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ɜɨɞɵ |
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d |
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ɈɐɄ |
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ɘɤɫɬɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ |
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Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ |
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ɊȺȺɋ |
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ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ |
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ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ |
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ɉɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹ |
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ȼɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ |
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ɉɇɉ |
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ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ |
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Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ |
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Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɈɐɄ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɩɨɬɟɪɟ) |
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z ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɸɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ |
yɠɚɠɞɚ |
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ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ |
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yɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ȺȾȽ |
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ |
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zɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ ɘȽȺ |
yɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɊȺȺɋ |
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ |
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z ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ |
zɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɉɇɉ |
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ |
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Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ: ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɈɐɄ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɈɐɄ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨ- ɞɵ) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ: «ɫɛɪɨɫ» ɜɨɞɵ o ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɈɐɄ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɊɈɋɆ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ NaCl ɜ ɩɢɳɟ)
zɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ |
o zɠɚɠɞɚ |
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɶɹ |
o yɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬ |
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ |
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o z ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ȺȾȽ |
©ɫɛɪɨɫ» ɜɨɞɵ |
zɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ Na+ ɜ ɘȽȺ |
o yɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɊȺȺɋ |
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ Na+ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ |
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ: ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ + «ɫɛɪɨɫ» ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɊɈɋɆ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɊɈɋɆ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɦ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ) ɜɨɡ- ɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ: «ɫɛɪɨɫ» Na+ + ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ o ɫɧɢ- ɠɟɧɢɟ ɊɈɋɆ.