UPSTREAM

Break

break down = 1) (int) (of machinery) stop working;

2) (int) (of a person) lose control of feelings; 3) (int) (of talks/negotiations etc) fail; 4) (tr) separate under headings

break in = (int) enter by force or illegally

break into = 1) (tr) enter by force; 2) (tr) interrupt break off = (tr) end a relationship/agreement break out = (int) (of war, etc) begin suddenly break through = (int) advance (in spite of opposition)

break to = (tr) tell (usu bad news) to sb in a kind way break up = 1) (int) (of schools, etc); stop for holidays 2) (int) end a relationship

Bring

bring about = (tr) cause to happen bring back = (tr) cause to recall bring down = (tr) cause to fall

bring forward = (tr) move sth to an earlier date or time bring in = (tr) create profit/money

bring on = (tr) cause, usu sth unpleasant bring out = (tr) put on the market

bring round = 1) (tr) cause to regain consciousness; 2) (tr) persuade; bring over (to)

bring up = 1) (tr) raise a child; 2) (tr) mention/introduce a subject

Carry

be carried away = be very excited

carry off = (tr) handle a difficult situation successfully carry on (with) = (tr) continue with

carry out = (tr) conduct an experiment

carry through = (tr) complete successfully in spite of difficulty

Come

come across = (tr) find/meet by chance come by = (tr) obtain

come down to = (tr) be passed on to sb by inheritance come down with = (tr) become ill; go down with come into = (tr) inherit

come off = (int) succeed

come out = 1) (int) (of flowers) begin to blossom; 2) (int) be published; 3) (int) (of stains) be able to be removed

come round = 1) (int) visit casually; 2) (int) recover consciousness

come to = (tr) amount to a total

come up = 1) (int) be mentioned; 2) (int) arise; occur come up to = 1) (tr) approach; 2) (tr) equal; (of expectations) be up to

come up with = (tr) find (an answer, solution, etc)

Cut

cut across = (tr) take a shorter way

cut back (on) = (tr) reduce (expenses, production); cut down on

cut in = 1) (int) move suddenly in front of another car; 2) (int) interrupt

cut into = (tr) interrupt

cut off = 1) (tr) disconnect; 2) (tr) isolate (usu places) cut out = (tr) omit

be cut out for/to be = be suited for (a profession) cut up = (tr) cut into small pieces

Do

do away with = (tr) abolish

do down = (tr) speak badly of sb do in = (tr) kill

do up = (tr) fasten; tie do with = (tr) want

do without = (tr) live or continue without having sth/sb

Fall

fall apart = (int) come to pieces

fall back on = (tr) turn to sb/sth for help when other plans have failed

fall behind with = (tr) fail to keep up with

fall for = 1) (tr) fall in love with sb; 2) (tr) be deceived fall in = (int) collapse

fall in with = (tr) agree with

fall into = 1) (tr) be divided into (categories); 2) (tr) begin; enter a state

fall on = 1) (tr) attack; 2) (tr) eat hungrily fall out with = (tr) quarrel

fall through = (int) fail to be completed

Get

get across = (tr) successfully communicate ideas get along = (int) continue despite difficulties

get along with = (tr) be on friendly terms; get on with get at = (int) mean

get away with = (tr) escape punishment for a wrongful, illegal act

get back = (tr) recover possession of

get down = 1) (tr) swallow with difficulty; 2) (tr) depress get down to = (tr) start doing sth seriously

get on = 1) (tr) enter (bus, train, etc); 2) (int) make progress

get on with = (tr) be on good terms with get out = (int) (of news) become known get over = (tr) recover from

get round = (tr) persuade; bring round. get round to (tr) = find time to do sth

get through = 1) (tr) finish (a piece of work); 2) (tr) go on living through difficult times

get through to = (tr) reach by phone get up = (int) rise from bed

Give

give away = 1) (tr) reveal; 2) (tr) give sth free of charge give back = (tr) return

give in = (int) surrender; yield.

give off = (tr) emit (smells, heat, fumes, etc)

give out = 1) (int) come to an end; 2) (tr) distribute give up = 1) (tr) abandon an attempt/habit; 2) (tr) surrender

go round = 1) (int) be enough for everyone to have a share; 2) (int) (news/disease) spread; circulate; get round go through = 1) (tr) experience; 2) (int) (of a deal/ arrangement) be completed with success; 3) (tr) discuss in detail

go up = (int) (of prices) rise go with = (tr) match

go without = (tr) endure the lack of sth; do without

Hold

hold back = 1) (tr) control (tears, laughter); 2) (int) hesitate

hold in = (tr) restrain

hold off = (tr) keep at a distance

hold on = (int) wait (esp on the phone) hold out = 1) (int) last; 2) (int) persist

hold to = (tr) follow exactly; keep to (a promise, etc) hold up = 1) (tr) delay; 2) (tr) use violence in order to rob

Keep

keep after = (tr) continue to pursue keep away (from) = (tr) stay away keep back = (tr) conceal

keep down = (tr) cause to remain at a lower level keep in = (tr) make sb stay indoors (as punishment) keep off = (tr) stay away from; avoid

keep on = (int) continue despite difficulties keep out = (tr) exclude sb/sth

keep up (with) = (tr) stay at the same level as sb/sth keep up with = (tr) continue to be informed

Go

go after = (tr) pursue

go ahead = (int) be allowed to happen go away = (int) stop; cease

go back on = (tr) break a promise/agreement go by = (tr) base one’s ideas on

go down with = (tr) become ill

go for = 1) (tr) attack; 2) (tr) apply for (a job) go in for = (tr) take part in (a competition)

go off = 1) (int) (of a bomb) explode; 2) (of an alarm) ring; 3) (int) (of food) spoil

go on = 1) (int) continue; carry on; 2) (int) happen go out = (int) stop burning

go over = 1) (tr) examine details; go through; 2) (tr) repeat

Let

let down = 1) (tr) (of clothes) lengthen (≠ take up); 2) (tr) disappoint

let in(to) = allow sb to enter a place let off = (tr) not punish

let on = (int) reveal a secret

let out = 1) (tr) release; 2) (tr) (of clothes) make larger (≠ take in)

let up = (int) become less strong

Look

look after = (tr) take care of

look back (on) = (tr) consider the past look down on = (tr) despise (≠ look up to)

look forward to = (tr) anticipate with pleasure look in on sb = (tr) pay a short visit to

look into = (tr) investigate look on = (int) observe look out = (int) be careful

look out for = (tr) be alert in order to see/find sb/ sth look over = (tr) examine carefully; go through

look round = (tr) inspect a place look through = (tr) look at quickly

look up = (tr) look for sth in an appropriate book/list

Make

be made for = suit exactly make for = (tr) go towards

make out = 1) (tr) distinguish; 2) (tr) write out; fill in make over = (tr) give possession of sth to sb else make up = 1) (tr) invent; 2) (tr) put cosmetics on;

3) (int) reconcile

make up for = (tr) compensate make up one’s mind= decide

Pass

pass away = (int) die

pass off as = (tr) pretend to be sth/sb else successfully pass out = (int) lose consciousness

Pay

pay back = 1) (tr) return money owed; 2) (tr) take revenge on sb

pay down = (tr) pay part of the price for sth and the rest over a period of time

pay for = (tr) receive punishment

pay off = (tr) pay sb to leave employment pay up = (tr) pay (a debt) in full

Pull

pull down = (tr) demolish

pull in = (int) (of trains) arrive (≠ pull out)

pull oneself together = bring one’s feelings under control pull through = (int) succeed despite difficulties

pull up = (int) stop

Put

put aside/by = (tr) save

put across = (tr) communicate successfully; get across/over put away = 1) (tr) store; 2) (tr) put sb into prison/ mental hospital

put down = 1) (tr) write down; take down; 2) (tr) suppress forcibly

put down to = (tr) attribute to put forward = (tr) propose put off = (tr) postpone

put on = 1) (tr) dress oneself in; 2) (tr) increase (in weight); 3) (tr) cause to take place (show/performance) put out = (tr) extinguish (fire etc); 2) cause trouble

be put out = be annoyed

put through = (tr) connect by phone

put up = 1) (tr) erect; build; 2) (tr) offer hospitality; 3) (tr) show in a public place

put up with = (tr) tolerate

Run

run across/into = (tr) meet/find by chance run after = (tr) chase

run away with = (tr) steal

run down = 1) (tr) knock down (with a vehicle); run over; 2) (tr) speak badly of sb

run in = (tr) bring a new car engine into full use (by driving it slowly for a set period)

run off = (tr) make prints/copies

run out of = (tr) no longer have a supply

run through = 1) (tr) use up; 2) (tr) rehearse, check or revise quickly

run up = (tr) accumulate

run up against = (tr) encounter (difficulties/opposition)

See

see about = (tr) deal with; see to

see off = (tr) accompany a traveller to his/her plane, train, etc

see out = (tr) accompany sb to the door/exit of a house/building

see over = (tr) inspect a place; look round see through = (tr) not be deceived

Set

set aside = (tr) save for a special purpose

set in = (int) (of weather) start and seem likely to continue

set off = (int) start a journey

set out = 1) (int) begin a journey; 2) intend to do sth set up = (tr) start a business

Stand

stand by = 1) (tr) support sb, esp in difficulties; 2) (int) be ready for action

stand for = 1) (tr) represent;2) (tr) tolerate; put up with stand in for = (tr) replace sb temporarily

stand out = (int) be noticeable

stand up = 1) (int) rise to one’s feet; 2) (tr) fail to meet stand up for = (tr) support

stand up to = (tr) resist

Take

take after = (tr) resemble take away = (tr) remove take back = (tr) apologise

take for = (tr) identify wrongly

take in = 1) (tr) give accommodation; 2) (tr) make clothes narrower (≠ let out); 3) (tr) fully understand take off = 1) (tr) remove clothes (≠ put on); 2) (int) (of planes) leave the ground (≠ come down); 3) (tr) imitate 4) (tr) (of time) take time as a holiday

take on = 1) (tr) undertake work/responsibility; 2) (tr) employ

take out = 1) (tr) remove; 2) (tr) clean (mark, dirt) take over = (tr) gain control of sth

take to = 1) (tr) begin a habit; 2) (tr) like

take up = 1) (tr) begin a hobby, sport, job; 2) (tr) fill (time, space)

be taken aback = be strongly surprised be taken in = be deceived

Turn

turn away = (tr) refuse admittance

turn down = 1) (tr) refuse an offer; 2) (tr) reduce loudness (≠ turn up)

turn in = 1) (int) go to bed; 2) (tr) give to the police turn off = (tr) switch off (≠ turn on)

turn out = 1) (tr) produce; 2) (int) prove to be

turn over = (int) turn to a new page; change the TV channel

turn to = 1) (tr) go to sb for help/advice; 2) (tr) begin (a way of life or doing sth)

turn up = 1) (int) arrive or appear (unexpectedly); 2) (int) (of an opportunity) arise

UNIT 1

Tapescript for Exercise 2c (p. 6)

A:There was a really interesting programme on TV last night about strange houses.

B:Oh yeah? I saw a really unusual house once in Suffolk in England. It was five storeys high and it looked like a house on top of a block of flats.

A:I know which one you mean. It’s called ‘The House in the Clouds’ and it was on that programme. It’s a clapboard building with a pitched roof and big chimney.

B:Yes, that’s the one. And there’s another weird house in

Britain with a shark in the roof, isn’t there?

A:Yeah. It looks just like a normal terraced house – you know – a brick wall around the front garden, a porch and panelled windows and all that and then there’s this great big shark in the roof!

B:Well, there’s no accounting for some people’s taste. So, what other houses were featured on that programme,

then?

A:Well, there was this funny-looking hut on stilts in Zimbabwe that had a thatched roof and was on stilts with steps up to the front door, but my favourite was this really tiny little rock house in Portugal.

B:What was so unusual about it?

A:It had a low roof which was a big rock, stone walls, one small window and a small door. I can’t imagine anyone living there.

B:Like I said, there’s no accounting for some people’s taste.

Tapescript for Exercise 5b (p. 8)

John: How are you settling in to your new home, Ann?

Ann: Fine, thanks John. Now I’ve got the home I’ve always wanted, a traditional cottage in the country.

John: Sounds lovely. How big is it?

Ann: Oh, it’s only small, but it’s really cheap. John: It sounds great.

Ann: It is. And it’s very comfortable, too. John: Does it need a lot of fixing up?

Ann: No, actually it is quite well maintained. The only problem I have is that it’s rather cold. Anyway, how’s your house hunting going? Have you found anywhere yet?

John: I have actually, thanks for asking. I’m moving into my nice new modern flat next month.

Ann: That’s great news! Tell me all about it.

John: Well, it’s part of a 3 storey building in the suburbs. Ann: Is it far from the city?

John: No, not at all. It’s really spacious, too. There’s a huge living room.

Ann: It sounds expensive.

John: Well, it is a bit expensive, but it’s worth it because it’s very luxurious.

Ann: Oooh it sounds very nice. I suppose it comes fully furnished?

John: It certainly does. You’ll have to come round and see it when I’ve moved in.

Ann: I’d love to.

Tapescript for Exercise 11a (p. 9)

What colours are the rooms in your house painted? Would it surprise you to learn that the colours around you can affect how you feel? Well, it’s true, colour can drastically affect your mood. So it makes sense to surround yourself with colours that you like and ones that will put you into a positive frame of mind.

Red, for example, is a strong colour, so too much of it in a room can be overwhelming. But, in small amounts red is energising and can make us feel active and excited. Red is best used outside or in a room where we spend a short amount of time each day.

Orange can make us feel enthusiastic and talkative. Extroverts usually prefer this colour because it makes them feel adventurous. Orange stimulates our appetites too, so it would be perfect for the kitchen or dining room.

Yellow is an uplifting colour and can make us feel cheerful and happy. However, it is a colour that should be used sparingly because too much can make us feel impatient.

Blue is the colour that is the most universally preferred, and blue rooms instil peacefulness so it is a good choice for studies or doctors’ waiting rooms. Blue can also help us feel calm and confident, but it suppressess our appetites so it’s only a good choice for the kitchen if you are on a diet.

Green is often used in hospitals because of its soothing properties. It has the power to make us feel relaxed and refreshed. Therefore, don’t paint a work area green because you won’t get much work done. Green is a good choice for bedrooms.

White is often used in doctors’ offices because it gives us an impression of cleanliness. However, it does nothing to relax us

– we just feel cautious and nervous. It can also make us feel isolated and withdrawn.

Therefore, we should think carefully about our colour schemes when the time comes to redecorate because different colours can affect how we feel in a number of ways. That said, though, we should rely on our own taste and surround ourselves with the colours we like and feel comfortable with. Use your favourite colours to create a colour scheme you know you can live with.

Tapescript for Exercise 32 (p. 14)

Speaker 1

Hello ... is that Murray and Sons? Right ... Well ... I’m phoning to ask if you can help me. The problem? Oh, yes ... Well, I had some new tiles put on last month – not everywhere, only on one part where the wind had blown off some of the old ones. Anyway, the men who did the work can’t have done a very good job because now every time it rains we have to put buckets in the room below to catch the water. Do you think you could come and sort it out, please?

Speaker 2

It needs complete resurfacing. There are big holes all over and when it rains they fill with water and I get soaked just walking to the front door. I park the car on the street now because I don’t want to damage it any more. So the sooner you come and do it the better.

Speaker 3

Well, I only had the double glazing put in six months ago and I didn’t notice it in summer, but now it’s cold outside and I can really feel the draught. It’s the one in the lounge. It looks like it’s closed but it’s not and there’s a gap and that’s where the cold air comes in.

Speaker 4

Yes, it’s a very nice flat, two big rooms and a big balcony. It’s got a good view, too – over the park towards the river, so you don’t feel closed in at all, the feeling of space is wonderful. So it was fine for just the two of us, but now that we’re going to have a family – twins, too – we really have to move. It’s a pity, but there you are!

Speaker 5

We’ve had someone in to check it – he says there’s nothing wrong, but it’s still not working properly. I mean, it’s really hot outside, and I think to myself, well, at least it’s going to be cool at home. But when I switch it on, it just sends out warm air. We’ll have to take it back to the shop. In this heat I need something to keep me cool.

Tapescript for Exercise 34a (p. 14)

Host: Today on "Family Life" we will be talking about child safety in the home. Here with us to answer your questions and to talk about the dangers children can face in the home is Marsha Ward, mother of two and author of "Secure your home; Save your child." Welcome, Marsha.

Marsha: Thank you. It’s great to be here.

Host: Well, we all know to keep children away from hot stoves, irons and sharp objects, but I think there is a lot more to child safety in the home than that, isn’t there?

Marsha: Definitely. Did you know that more than a million children in Britain every year require hospital treatment for accidents that happen in the home?

Host: Really? No, I had no idea that the number was that high. Marsha: Yes – and almost all of those accidents could have been prevented.

Host: So, what are the most common causes of injuries and how can we prevent them from happening?

Marsha: Falling, burns, drowning, choking and poisoning are the main causes of injuries in the home and small children are the most at risk. Parents can prevent children from falling down the stairs by fitting safety gates at the top and bottom. They can use rubber mats to prevent children slipping on floors, especially in the bathroom. However, children should never be left alone in the bath. A child can drown in only two inches of water.

Host: Would you say that the bathroom is the most dangerous room in the house?

Marsha: It’s true that a lot of accidents happen in the bathroom, but the most dangerous room by far is the kitchen. This is where there are the most hidden dangers. Parents should never allow children to play alone in the kitchen. Also, they should keep all appliance cords, knife blocks and hot foods out of reach and put safety catches on all the cupboards and drawers, especially where cleaning items and medicines are kept.

Host: This is great advice, and I think now is a good time to go to the phones and answer some of our listeners’ questions. Hello, line 1 ... [fade]

Tapescript for Exercise 36 (p. 14)

Estate Agent: Good morning. Rutland Homefinders. Can I help you?

Client: Yes, hello, my name is Markham, Celeste Markham. I spoke to you last Monday about buying a house and you asked me to phone back this morning to see if anything suitable had come up.

Estate Agent: Ah yes ... Just a moment. Yes, we have got something which might be suitable. You especially wanted a big garden, didn’t you?

Client: Yes, that’s right. My husband and I are both keen gardeners.

Estate Agent: Well, that’s usually difficult here, but I think we’re in luck. There is a detached house near the river – quite a prestigious area, really, with large front and back gardens.

Client: Hmm ... that sounds interesting. How much is it? Estate Agent: They are asking for í400,000. Quite a good price for the area.

Client: I see. What sort of age is the house?

Estate Agent: Well, it was built in the 1930s so it’s fairly typical of the time – very well built.

Client: What about parking? Those old houses often don’t have a garage and we don’t want to leave the car on the street.

Estate Agent: No problem. There’s a large double garage. Client: Good! Now, how about the inside?

Estate Agent: Well, there are four bedrooms ...

Client: That would be fine, but what about bathrooms? There are five of us and the children definitely need their own.