2699

1.We may define a company as a legal person.

2.A company can own productive assets and enter into contracts.

3.A company may employ labour in the same way as an individual.

5These companies must have at least 2 members.

4.A private company must include the word «limited».

5.A public company must have the words «public limited company» at the end of its name.

6.The words «public limited company» can be abbreviated to «plc».

7.A public company can offer its shares and debentures for sale to general public.

8.All companies must file annually details of their financial activity.

9.A private company must not ask the public to subscribe to its shares.

6. Составьте повествовательные предложения, используя слова из таблицы:

7. Напишите предложения в вопросительной форме (общий вопрос):

1.There is some lemonade for you.

2.There is a cheque on the desk.

3.There are some museums in the city.

4.There are some matches in the box.

5.There is a bar in this street.

6 There are a few questions to discuss now.

7.There is a nice place to visit in this country.

8.There are some traveller's cheques in the briefcase.

9.There is no river flowing through your town.

10.There are no questions to ask.

11.There is somebody here.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.173-210), 1ДЛ (с.73-89), 3 ДЛ (с.67-80), 4 ДЛ (10-45), 7-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 7

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите основные типы вопросов в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

1. Общий вопрос (general question) относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или по:

Do you like ice-cream? – Yes, I do. Can you speak English? – Yes, I can. Have you bought a text book? – Yes, I have.

Порядок слов в общем вопросе:

1)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол;

2)подлежащее (существительное или местоимение);

3)смысловой глагол (или дополнение).

Глагол to be может выполнять функции вспомогательного и смыслового глагола одновременно. Are you a schoolboy? – No, I am not.

Альтернативный вопрос (alternative question) начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса. Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? — Вы любите кофе или чай?

2. Специальный вопрос (special question) относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:

What is your name? – My name is Peter. Where do you live? – I live in Rostov.

Специальный вопрос всегда начинается со специального вопросительного слова:

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе:

1) вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т. д.);

2)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол;

3)подлежащее;

4)смысловой глагол;

5)дополнения;

6)обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т.д.).

Вспециальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему, в формах Present и Past Indefinite не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (does, did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов:

Who wants to go to the cinema? Whose pen is it? Who lives here?

Обратите внимание, что в специальных вопросах к подлежащему в форме Present Indefinite сказуемое согласуется с вопросительными словами what и who в 3-м лице ед. числа, если отсутствует упоминание о количестве действующих лиц:

The problems are very important. – What is very important?

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

STARTING A NEW BUSINESS

When you start a new business, you are often in the red at least for the first year, sometimes even years. If you are lucky and work hard, after a couple of years your company may break even, or even be in the black.

To turn a profit in a new venture, you often need someone to float you a loan, such as a rich uncle. When your company starts to show a strong bottom line, a bank might be willing to extend credit to you, especially if there is a bull market and business is strong.

In bear markets, especially if there is raising inflation, banks may be cautious about making long-term loans, since new business owners often go belly up in the first year

Of course, if you have a credit card with a high credit limit, you can always use plastic to help you overcome these difficult times. However, watch out: interest rates on credit card loans are typically very high.

Achieving wealth in some form, usually money, in addition to financials, some businesses need to collect that money after providing a service or selling a product.

Sometimes collecting is easy, as in a store, when the buyer pays at the time of purchase. In many businesses, however, collecting money is the hardest part of doing business because clients are given credit and are expected to pay later. Even if your customer has strong financials and strong credit, it is not a guarantee of payment.

4. Завершите предложения:

1.When you start..., you are often... .

2.If you are... and work..., your company may be... .

3.You often need someone to... you... .

4.A bank might be willing to extend... to you.

5.In... markets banks may be cautious about making... loans.

6.Sometimes... are given ...and are expected to pay later.

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.If you work hard, after a couple of years your company may break even.

2.To turn a profit in a new venture, you need a poor uncle.

3.New business owners often go belly up in the first year.

4.If you have a credit card with a high credit limit, you cannot use it.

5.Interest rates on credit card loans are typically very low.

6.The result of doing business is providing a service.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.When are you often in the red?

2.Why may your company break even?

3.What do you need to turn a profit?

4.What might a bank be willing to do if there is a bull market?

5.Why may banks be cautious?

6.What is the end result of doing business?

7.Выпишите из текста 5 простых предложений и задайте к каждому из них по два вопроса: общий и специальный.

8.Задайте специальный вопрос к каждому предложению:

1.Pete introduces Nick to David.

2.They shake hands and follow Nick to the car.

3.They see David and come up to him.

4.They look through the correspondence in the office.

8.He works as a manager.

9.Trade needs finance.

10.The Buyers always ask the Sellers to grant them a discount.

11.We discussed all these details.

12.English Immigration officers usually speak Russian.

14They have difficulty in answering questions.

15The steward says that flight is three hours long.

16.Next Friday David leaves Moscow for St-Petersburg.

17.The secretary answers the calls.

18.David promises to telephone to settle the problem.

19.They want to reduce the fee.

20.He never keeps his promise.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.211-247), 1ДЛ (с.90107), 3 ДЛ (с.81-93), 4 ДЛ (10-45), 7-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 8

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Времена английского глагола

Глаголы в формах Indefinite (Simple) описывают обычные, повторяющиеся действия как факт – безотносительно к их длительности или к результату действия:

I go to school every day. Я хожу в школу каждый день.

I went to school when I was a boy. Я ходил в школу, когда был мальчиком. I shall go to school when I grow up. Я буду ходить в школу, когда вырасту.

Для указания на повторный характер действия часто употребляются слова every day / week, month, year (каждый день / неделю, месяц, год), often (часто), seldom

(редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), never (никогда).

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't: We do not write much. – Do we write much?

He didn't like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film didn't he like?

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего

времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d):

to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received to work – worked.

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied;

б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play – played;

в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Эти формы следует сверять по словарю и учить наизусть. Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would:

I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.

3. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.It (is, was) Thursday yesterday.

2.Paul (drinks, drank) a cup of tea two hours ago.

3.She (listen, listened) to the music last week.

4.They (are, were) hungry after me last lesson.

5.There (was, were) no wine for breakfast.

6.Nobody (smokes, smoked) in the classroom last evening.

7.A few minutes later somebody (knocks, knocked) at the door

8.Who (enter, entered) the room 10 minutes ago?

9.It (was, were) time to leave.

10.Mr. Snow (turns, turned) on the radio half an hour ago.

11.They (pay, paid) the bill and (leave, left) the hotel last Friday

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

BANK ORGANIZATION

The type of economy in which a bank conducts its business determines the way in which it organizes and operates. A bank may not necessarily be in business to make a profit. Central banks, for example, provide a country with a number of services, while development banks exist to increase the economic growth of a country and raise the living standard of its population. On the other hand, the aim of commercial banks is to earn profits. They therefore provide and develop services that can be sold at a price that will yield a profit.

A commercial bank, which provides the same range of services year after year, is less successful than one, which assesses changes in the demand for its products. New services are constantly being introduced and developed by commercial banks. However, not every bank may want to offer every kind of financial service.

Many banks offer a combination of wholesale and retail banking. The former provides large-scale services to companies, government agencies and other banks. The latter mainly provides smaller-scale services to the public. Both types of banking have three essential functions: 1) deposits, 2) payments, 3) credits. These three functions are the basis of the services offered by banks. They make it possible for banks to generate profits and to achieve their operating aims.

Several factors have combined to make banking an international business. These include the growth of multinational companies and of international capital markets, and important improvements in communications and transportation. The major banks of the world have established extensive international operations by extending their own branch network abroad and correspondent relationships with foreign banks to develop profitable joint operations. The operations of these major commercial banks are dynamic and rapidly hanging, and their organization is of a global nature.

5. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме:

1.The way in which a bank (to be organized) and (to operate) is determined by the type economy.

2.The aim of commercial banks (to be) to earn profits.

3.Banks (to assess) changes in the demand for their products.

4.These three functions (to be) the basis of the services offered by banks.

5.Several factors (to combine) to make banking an international business.

6.The operations of these major commercial banks (to be) dynamic.

6. Выберите переводы английских предложений:

7. Найдите в тексте предложения на темы:

1.Commercial banks.

2.International banking.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.248-284), 1ДЛ (с.108121), 3 ДЛ (с.94-111), 4 ДЛ (10-45), 5-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 9

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность в определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:

I am going to school (now). Я иду в школу в настоящий момент.

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock. Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее: We are leaving for Moscow in July. Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Формы глагола в Present Continuous

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, длящегося в настоящий момент (now, at the moment). С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние (to feel, to be, to live, to stay, to hear, to see, to know, to remember, to think, to want, to like, to love) Present Continuous обычно не употребляется.

Формы глагола в Past Continuous

Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом.

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

INTEREST RATES

The Bank's influence on short term interest rates arises from its role in the domestic money markets. The Bank is able to forecast fairy accurately the pattern of flows between the government's accounts on the one hand and the commercial banks on the other.

When more money flows from the banks to the government than vice versa, the bank's holdings of liquid assets are run down and the money market finds itself short of funds.

When more money flows the other way, the market can be in cash surplus. However, the pattern of government and bank operations usually results in a shortage of cash in the market each day – a shortage that the Bank then relieves.

Because the Bank is me final provider of liquidity to the system, it can choose the interest rate at which it will provide funds each day.

Rather than deal directly with every individual bank, the Bank uses the discount house as an intermediary. These are highly specialized dealers. They hold large stock of commercial bills and the major banks place their surplus cash with them. The discount houses have borrowing facilities at the bank.

The Bank may provide cash either by purchasing securities from the houses, or by lending to them directly. The rates at which the Bank deals with the discount houses are