2654

предложениях зависит от степени реальности и времени действия, выраженного глаголом.

В придаточных предложениях реального условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему с союзами: if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только), unless (если не), until (до тех пор, пока не) будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим. Например: If you help me, I shall do this work in time. Если ты поможешь мне, я выполню эту работу вовремя. As soon as I am free, I shall come to you. Как только я освобожусь, я навещу тебя. We shall not begin until you come. Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

In many countries of the world hauling logs out of the woods is done mostly in winter. There are several reasons for this. Generally haul roads are more easily and cheaply constructed for winter use. Nature provides snow and ice on the spot and it is relatively easy to make a smooth, firm road out of them. In winter swamps are frozen hard and lakes are frozen over for several months every winter. This makes it possible to get into timbered areas that could never be logged economically otherwise. Also, sliding resistance of heavy loads on good iced roads is less than the rolling resistance of the same loads on dirt and gravel roads – even with the best of wheeled vehicles. The same loads can be pulled with less power in winter.

Almost all kinds of motive power have been used to haul loads of bolts and logs over winter roads, from horses and oxen to steam hoists, trucks and tractors. Horses are still used for short hauls of limited loads. Tractors also have advantages. They can work more steadily than horses, two or three shifts a day if need be, and can handle much more wood at a higher speed with less manpower. Tractors are equally good on snow or iced roads. On the other hand, it is difficult to control tractor hauled loads on steep down grades. Motor trucks are confined to iced roads and longer hauls. They can haul out reasonably heavy loads about twice as fast as tractors and four times as fast as horses.

Winter haul roads are generally temporary affairs, designed for only one season’s hauling, and depending on snow or ice for their surface. They are not intended for use at any other season of the year.

The preparation and maintenance of iced roads is difficult and expensive. In comparison with snow roads, they require a much better job of cleaning and ground preparation. The surface of a good iced road must be close to the original ground level; otherwise, the foundation will melt out during spells of warm weather. It is necessary to make side-hill cuts. Consequently, iced roads are usually made where they can be used for two or more seasons.

4. Вставьте необходимые слова:

1.Nature provides … and … for winter haul roads.

2.… and ... are frozen over for several months in winter.

3 Almost all kinds of …have been used to haul loads of bolts and logs over winter roads, from … and … to …, … and ….

4.Tractors are equally good on … or … roads.

5.Motortrucks can haul out reasonably …

6.The … of a good iced road must be close to the original …

5. Составьте предложения:

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What are the reasons for log hauling in winter?

2.What kinds of motive power have been used to haul logs over winter roads?

3.What are the advantages of tractors?

4.What the disadvantages of tractors?

5.What roads require more difficult and expensive preparation?

6.How long are winter haul roads used?

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.I (phone / will phone) you when I (come / will come) back.

2.When the Sales Manager (arrives / will arrive) tell him 1 (am / will be) back at 5 o'clock.

3.If I ( pass / will pass) my exams, I (enter / will enter) the University.

4.If there (is / will be) a good program on TV, I (watch / will watch) it.

5.I (tell / will tell) him the news when I (see / will see) him.

6.If it (rains / will rain), I (stay / will stay) at home.

7.I (try / will try) to speak to the Managing Director before he (leaves / will leave) for New York.

8.I (buy / will buy) a car when I (save / will save) enough money.

9.If you (insist / will insist), I (accept / will accept) the invitation.

10.What (do / will) you do if you (miss / will miss) the train?

11.I (pay / will pay) for the coffee if you (don't / won't) mind.

12.In case you (arrive / will arrive) earlier, wait for me at the station.

13.As soon as we (get / will get) money for the project we (start / will start) constructing the building.

14.If we (get / will get) cold, we (make / will make) a fire somewhere on the way.

15.You (recover / will recover) soon, if you (follow / will follow) the doctor's advice.

16.We (go / will go) there straight away as soon we (get / will get) a message from them.

17.I (have / will have) lunch as soon as I (finish / will finish) typing the report.

18.If he (calls / will call), tell him I (am / will be) at home after 8 o'clock.

МОДУЛЬ 12

MAJOR WATER TRANSPORTATION

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Формы страдательного залога (Passive Voice) английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

Present Indefinite: The letter is written. Past Indefinite: The letter was written. Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.

Present Continuous: The letter is being written. Past Continuous: The letter was being written.

Future Continuous: The letter will be being written.

Present Perfect: The letter has been written.

Past Perfect: The letter had been written. Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета. Сравните:

I bought a book. Я купил книгу. – The book was bought (by me). Книга была куплена

(мной).

Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся:

1.Глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:

The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.

2.Глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3.Неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4.Глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The utilization of natural waterways constitutes the oldest and generally the least expensive form of major log transportation. The streams and rivers in nearly all forested districts throughout the civilized world serve to bring logs from the woods to the mill or market. Log transportation by water is generally the cheapest form when available and practicable.

For the purpose of analyzing and describing the subject, water transportation may be divided into the following:

1.Floating and driving.

2.River and lake rafts and booms.

3.Ocean rafts.

4.Flumes.

5.Barges and streamers.

Fortunately a large proportion of our lumber, pulp and other products is manufactured from species that float readily. Practically all softwoods float successfully. If logs are left in water for long periods of time, many of our leading species which ordinarly float may become “waterlogged” and sink. Some species continue to float better than others; others waterlog more quickly.

Many of the leading hardwoods such as oak, birch and maple are of high density and do not float. The lighter-weight hardwoods such as yellow poplar and basswood float readily.

Some species are barked or left to season partially before driving. There is danger however, from severe checking if they are left too long in the woods, especially in summer before floating. Hardwoods are sometimes subject to serious fungus attack if they are left in the woods too long during the warm season awaiting rafting in connection with lighter softwoods.

4.Выпишите из текста два предложения, сказуемые которых стоят в страдательном залоге; поставьте каждое из них в вопросительную и в отрицательную форму.

5.Составьте план текста и выделите ключевые идеи по каждому пункту плана.

6.Составьте аннотацию к тексту по данному ниже образцу:

1.The title of the text is …

2.The main idea of the text is / The purpose of the text is …

3.The author analyses (explains, characterizes, points out, emphasizes, tells, etc.)

4.From the first part of the text we learn that … (learn about…)

5.The second part of the text is devoted to …

6.The third part of the text carries information concerning …

7.Some parts of the text deal with …

8.In conclusion I’d like to say that the text is interesting (informative, useful, difficult etc.)

7. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1)The first Volkswagen cars_________ in Germany just before the World War II.

a)made b) were made

2)The painting by Rembrandt___________ from the museum yesterday.

a)stole b) was stolen

3)The first sputnik__________ by the Soviet Union in 1956.

a)launched b) was launched

4)I__________ them a fax yesterday.

a)sent b) was sent

5)A new car design__________ at the plant.

a)developed b) was developed

6)Somebody __________ the door from inside.

a)closed b) was closed

7)Marilyn Monroe's dress _________at the auction at the price of $ 20 000.

a)sold b) was sold

8)She_________ a well-paid job. I think she'll take it.

a)offered b) was offered

9)Our parent company________ in Sweden.

a)located b) is located

10)We__________ a lot of money on advertising campaign.

a)spent b) were spent

11.Our factory________ last year.

a)reconstructed b) was reconstructed

Библиографический список

Основная литература

1. Кузьменкова Ю. Б. Английский язык [Текст] : учеб. для прикладного бакалавриата : рек. УМО ВО в качестве учеб. для студентов высш. учеб. заведений, обучающихся по гуманитарным направлениям и специальностям / Ю. Б. Кузьменкова; Высш. шк. экономики, Нац. исслед. ун-т. - М. : Юрайт, 2014. - 441 с. : + CD-диск. - Электронная версия в ЭБС "Юрайт".

Дополнительная литература

1. Илунина, А.А. Иностранный язык. Технология лесозаготовки. Logging technology [Текст] : учеб. пособие / А. А. Илунина, И. В. Милованова ; А. А. Илунина, И. В. Милованова; ВГЛТА. - Воронеж, 2014. - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА. - Режим доступа: http://www.vglta.vrn.ru/BiblSite/elcat.htm -

Загл. с экрана.

2.Кравец, В. Е. Грамматика английского языка. Морфология [Текст]: граммат. справ. / В. Е.

Кравец; Фед. агентство по образованию, Гос. образоват. учреждение высш. проф. образования "Воронеж, гос. лесотехн. акад.". - Воронеж, 2010. - 124 с. – электронная версия - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА. - Режим доступа: http://www.vglta.vrn.ru/BiblSite/elcat.htm -

Загл. с экрана.

3. Кравец В.Е., Грамматика английского языка. Синтаксис [Текст]: граммат. справ. / В. Е. Кравец ; В. Е. Кравец; Фед. агентство по образованию, Гос. образоват. учреждение высш. проф. образования "Воронеж. гос. лесотехн. акад.". - Воронеж, 2010. - 80 с. - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА. - Режим доступа: http://www.vglta.vrn.ru/BiblSite/elcat.htm - Загл. с экрана.

4.Илунина, А.А.Иностранный язык. Терминологический словарь по технологии лесозаготовительных и деревоперерабатывающих производств [Текст]: для бакалавров и магистров по направлению подгот. 250400 – Технология лесозаготов. и деревоперераб. пр-в / А. А. Илунина, Л. В. Дворникова, Ю. Ю. Дубровина ; А. А. Илунина, Л. В. Дворникова, Ю. Ю. Дубровина; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, Фед. гос. бюджет. образоват. учреждение высш. проф. образования "Воронеж. гос. лесотехн. акад." . - Воронеж, 2014. - 127 с. - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА. - Режим доступа: http://www.vglta.vrn.ru/BiblSite/elcat.htm - Загл. с экрана.

5.Коновалова Т.В. Английский язык. Машины и оборудование лесного комплекса. [Текст]: [учеб.пособие] / Т.В. Коновалова, Т.Н. Таранцева, Л.В. Зайцева. – Фед. агентство по образованию, ГОУ

ВПО ВГЛТА. – Воронеж, 2010. – 72 с. - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА. - Режим доступа: http://www.vglta.vrn.ru/BiblSite/elcat.htm - Загл. с экрана.

6.Коновалова Т. В. Английский язык. Транспорт, технологические машины и оборудование [Текст]

:учеб. пособие : в 2 ч. Ч. 1 / Т. В. Коновалова, Т. Н. Таранцева, Л. В. Зайцева; ВГЛТА. - Воронеж, 2009. - 75 с. - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА.

7.Коновалова Т. В. Английский язык. Транспорт, технологические машины и оборудование [Текст] : учеб. пособие : в 2ч. Ч. 2 / Т. В. Коновалова, Т. Н. Таранцева, Л. В. Зайцева; ВГЛТА. - Воронеж, 2009. - 75 с. - Электронная версия в ЭБС ВГЛТА.

8.Мюллер, В.К., Англо-русский словарь [Текст]/В.К. Мюллер.-М.: Локид-Пресс, 2003.-687

с.