1523
.pdfc)The decoration of western surfaces was bold and ponderous.
4.The Byzantine style influenced greatly the architecture of Russia.
a)Symbolism had now begun to dominate church architecture.
b)This form of church eventually became almost universal.
c)Numerous churches in the Byzantine style were built in Russia.
5.These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross.
a)These Byzantine churches were widespread in the countries of the Near East and eastern Europe.
b)These Byzantine churches featured a central domed space with four short square arms.
c)Each Byzantine church was conceived as a microcosm of all earth and
sky.
Read the text and describe the plan of the church and its interior.
HAGIA SOPHIA OR THE CHURCH OF HOLY WISDOM
Though Justinian's domed basilicas are the models from which Byzantine architecture developed, Hagia Sophia remained unique, and no attempt was thereafter made by Byzantine builders to emulate it. In plan it is almost square, but looked at from within, it appears to be rectangular, for there is a great semidome at east and west above that prolongs the effect of the roof, while on the ground there are three aisles, separated by columns with galleries above. At either end, however, great piers rise up through the galleries to support the dome. Above the galleries are curtain walls (non-load-bearing exterior walls) at either side, pierced by windows, and there are more windows at the base of the dome. The columns are of finest marble, selected for their colour and variety, while the lower parts of the walls are covered with marble slabs. Like the elaborately carved cornices and capitals, these survive, but the rest of the original decoration, including most of the mosaics that adorned the upper parts of the walls and the roof, have perished.
Vocabulary
attempt - попытка
to emulate - стремиться превзойти aisle - боковой неф храма
pier - устой, столб, контрфорс non-load-bearing - не несущие нагрузку to pierce - пронзать
slab - плита
to perish - погибать
Read the text and tell about the subdivisions of Romanesque architecture and its main features.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The generic term Romanesque is sometimes applied to embrace all the styles of architecture which, in most European countries, followed the Early Christian style and preceded the introduction of the Gothic style, c. 1200. It is often subdivided into pre-Romanesque, which includes the Lombardic, Carolingian, and Ottonian or Rhenish styles as well as Saxon and Romanesque proper, which is taken to have begun c. AD 1000.
From the ancient Roman tradition, the pre-Romanesque architects adopted characteristic features: the semicircular arch, the groined cross vault, and a modified and simplified form of the Corinthian column with its capital of acanthus leaves. Occasionally, at an early period, they used carved fragments of antique buildings. They made important advances upon Roman structural methods in balancing the thrust of heavy vaults and domes by means of buttresses, and in substituting thinner webs supported on the curved stone ribs for the thick vaults used by the Romans.
The Romanesque period lasted two centuries, and was the great age of European monasticism.
The architectural work of the Romanesque period therefor consists almost exclusively on monasteries, cathedrals, parish churches, and castles. Very few domestic buildings have survived.
The greatest examples of this style are Benedictine abbey church at Jumieges, Normandy (1036 - 1066); S. Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, 1140; Sompting church in Succex, 11th century; Augsburg Cathedral, Germany.
LANCET ARCHITECTURE
Warming-up
1.When did the Gothic style develop?
2.Why is this style called Gothic?
3.In what countries did the Gothic style flourish?
4.What are the greatest works of the Gothic style?
5.What are the main features of the Gothic style?
Read the text and tell about the phases of English Gothic.
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
The architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of its association with the barbarian north. Now this term is used to describe the important international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12th century to the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and the flying buttress.
One of the earliest buildings in which these techniques were introduced in a highly sophisticated architectural plan was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris.
The proportions are not large, but the skills and precision with which the vaulting is managed and the subjective effect of the undulating chain windows around the perimeter have given the abbey its traditional claim to the title "first Gothic building".
It should be said that in France and Germany this style is subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Gothic.
The French middle phase is called Rayonnant, the late - Flamboyant.
In English architecture the usual divisions are Early English, Decorative, and Perpendicular.
Early English Gothic developed from c. 1180 to c.1280. The most influential building in the new fashion was the choir of Canterbury cathedral (1175 - 1184), which has many of the features of Laon cathedral.
The building retains a passage at clerestory level - an Anglo-Norman feature that remained standard in English architecture well into the 13th century. Both in the shape of the piers and in the multiplicity of attached colonettes, Canterbury resembles Laon. Colonettes became extremely popular with English architects, particularly because of the large supplies of purbeck marble, which gave any elevation a special coloristic character. This is obvious at Salisbury cathedral (begun 1220), but one of the richest examples of the effect is in the nave of Lincoln cathedral (begun c. 1225).
English architects for a long time retained a liking for heavy surface decoration: thus, when Rayonnant tracery designs were imported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of colonettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. The result which could be extraordinarily dense - for instance, in the east (or Angel) choir (begun 1256) at Lincoln cathedral and at Exeter cathedral (begun before 1280) - has been called the English Decorated style (1280-1350).
The architectural affects achieved (notably the retrochair of Wells cathedral or the choir of St. Augustine, Bristol) were more inventive generally than those of contemporary continental buildings.
English Gothic came to an end with the final flowering of the Perpendicular style (c. 1350 - 1550). It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults.
The first major surviving statement of Perpendicular style is probably the choir of Gloucester cathedral (begun soon after 1330). Other major monuments were St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster (begun 1292 but now mostly destroyed) and York Minster nave (begun 1291), St. George's Chapel, Windsor, King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1444), the naves of Winchester (c. 1480), and Canterbury (c. 1400), the Chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey.
Gothic was essentially the style of the Catholic countries of Europe. It was also carried to Cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the Crusaders and
their successors in the Mediterranean. The forms that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity. They were used for all secular buildings, as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries.
By the Gothic Survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional building.
It developed after the advent of the Renaissance and into the 17th century. It should be differed from the Gothic Revival (Neo-Gothic) in the 18th — the 19th centuries.
Vocabulary
advent - приход, прибытие rib - ребро
arch - арка
pointed arch - стрельчатая (остроконечная) арка buttress - контрфорс
flying buttress - аркбутан, арочный контрфорс sophisticated - изощренный
abbey - аббатство skill - мастерство precision - точность undulating - волнистый
claim – требование, претензия, притязание, утверждение, заявление Rayonnant - лучистый (стиль)
Flamboyant - «пламенеющий» (стиль) choir - место хора в соборе
to retain – удерживать, поддерживать, сохранять clerestory - верхний ряд окон, освещающий центр высокого помещения
to attach – прикреплять, присоединять
tracery - ажурная каменная работа, рисунок, узор, переплетение shaft - ствол
dense - густой, плотный chapel - часовня
secular - светский, мирской
I. Complete the sentences.
1. At the technical level the Gothic style is characterized by the ribbed vault, the flying buttress, and ...
a)the round arch
b)the bulbous dome
c)the pointed arch
2.The title the "first Gothic building" is given to ...
a)the abbey of Saint-Denis
b)Westminster abbey
c)King's College Chapel
3.In English architecture the usual subdivisians are Early English, Decorated and ... styles.
a)Carolingian
b)Flamboyant
c)Perpendicular
4.English architects for a long time retained a liking for ...
a)plain surfaces
b)heavy surface decoration
c)curved surfaces
5.Gothic was essentially the style of... countries.
a)the Buddhist
b)the Orthodox
c)the Catholic
II. Choose the right sentence.
1.The Gothic style developed in most countries of Europe.
a)The Gothic style was associated with the barbarian north.
b)Gothic is represented in many European countries.
c)Paris - for much of this period the home of a powerful and artistically enlightened court - played an especially important role in the history of Gothic art.
2.Canterbury Cathedral was the most influential building in the new fashion.
a)Canterbury Cathedral was the most important structure of the Early English Gothic.
b)Canterbury resembles St. Paul's Cathedral.
c)Canterbury Cathedral was built in the 12th century.
3.English architects retained a liking for heavy surface decoration.
a)English architects preferred restrained decoration.
b)The stained glass of the period was heavily coloured.
c)English architects kept on using ponderous exterior decorations.
4.Gothic was used for cathedrals, churches and monasteries.
a)Gothic was used for industrial buildings.
b)Gothic was used for ecclesiastic structures.
c)In most European countries artists imitated architectural styles from northern France.
Read the text and speak on the reason of imitation of Gothic architecture.
NEO-GOTHIC
The architectural movement most commonly associated with Romanticism is the Gothic Revival, a term first used in England in the mid-19th century to describe buildings being erected in the style of the Middle Ages and later expanded to embrace the entire Neo-Gothic movement.
The first clearly self-conscious imitation of Gothic architecture for reasons of nostalgia appeared in England in the early 18th century. Buildings erected at that time in the Gothic manner were for the most part frivolous and decorative garden ornaments, actually more Rococo than Gothic in spirit. But, with the rebuilding beginning in 1747 of the country house Strawberry Hill by the English writer Horace Walpole, a new and significant aspect of the revived style was given convincing form; and, by the beginning of the 19th century, picturesque planning and grouping provided the basis for experimentation in architecture. Gothic was especially suited to this aim. Scores of houses with battlements and turrets in the style of a castle were built in England during the last years of the 18th century.
French architects, in particular, Viollet-le-Duc, who restored a range of buildings from the Sainte-Chapelle and Notre-Dame in Paris to the whole town of Carcassonne, were the first to appreciate the applicability of the Gothic skeleton structure, with its light infilling, to a modern age, and the analogy was not lost on subsequent architects at a time when the steel frame was emerging as an important element of structural engineering. Functionalism and structural honesty as ideals in the Modern movement were a legacy of the Gothic Revival.
Not surprisingly, the Gothic Revival was felt with most force in those countries in which Gothic architecture itself was most in evidence — England, France, and Germany. Each conceived it as a national style, and each gave to it a strong and characteristic twist of its own.
THE REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL ART
THE RENAISSANCE
Warming-up
1.What is the meaning of the word "Renaissance"?
2.In what country did this style originate?
3.What do you know about the Renaissance in Russia?
Text 1
Read the text and tell about the Renaissance in Italy and in Russia.
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance began in Italy, where there was always a residue of clas-
sical feeling in art.
Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical buildings, particularly in Italy but also in France and Spain and the treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius. For classical antiquity and, therefore, for the Renaissance, the basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of traditional architectural units. During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. For example, the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embraced during the early Renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High Renaissance.
On the authority of Vitruvius, the Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective.
The concern of these architects for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass that differentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic and encourages in the spectator an immediate and full comprehension of the building.
In the early 15th century an Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi formulated linear perspective, which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. At the same time, Brunelleschi investigated ancient Roman architecture and acquired the knowledge of classical architecture and ornament that he used as a foundation for Renaissance architecture.
His brilliant vork, the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419 - 51) was the first building in the Renaissance manner; a very graceful arcade was designed with Composite columns, and windows with classical pediments were regularly spaced above each of the arches.
Donato Bramante's Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio (1502) symbolized the beginning of the High Renaissance style in Rome. Erected on the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter, the Tempietto is circular in plan, with a colonnade of 16 columns surrounding a small cella, or enclosed interior sanctuary.
In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to rebuild St. Peter's, which was in a very poor condition. Bramante prepared plans for a monumental church and in 1506 the foundation stone was laid.
St. Peter's Cathedral is the largest church in the Christian world. It has 29 altars in addition to the high altar, interior length, 187m.,width at front, 26,5 m., length of transept, 137 m. The dome (diameter, 42 m., height, 123 m. to the top of the lantern) was built by Michelangelo.
In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters
(the Moscow Kremlin, the 15th — 16th cc.) The cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475—1479 by Aristotile Fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. By combining the characteristic features of the Vladimir-Suzdal and early-Moscow style with Italian Renaissance decoration and construction methods Fioravante produced a masterpiece of lasting beauty. Another example is the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, designed by Alevisio Novi in 1505-1508.
The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Pulace (1487 - 91) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architects Marco Ruffo, Aloisio da Carcano, and Pietro Antonio Solari. Its eastern facade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name.
Vocabulary to embrace - воспользоваться, выбирать masculine - мужской, мужественный
authority - (зд.) авторитетное мнение, утверждение device - средство
to cause - вызывать, являться результатом
to encourage - ободрять, поощрять, поддерживать immediate - непосредственный, прямой; немедленный comprehension - понимание
to acquire - приобретать graceful - грациозный, изящный
arcade - аркада, сводчатая галерея pediment - фронтон
martyrdom - мученичество
enclosed - окруженный, огороженный sanctuary - святилище
to lay - (зд.) заложить фундамент lantern - фонарь верхнего света assumption - (рел.) успение hence - отсюда; следовательно
I. Complete the following sentences.
1.For the classical antiquity and for the Renaissance the ... was the basic element of architectural design.
a)order
b)asymmetry
c)the effect of illusionism
2.Clear measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass differentiates the Renaissance style from ...
a)the Rococo
b)the Gothic
c)the Byzantine style
3.It was an Italian Renaissance architect perspective.
a)Filippo Brunelleschi
b)Donato Bramante
c)Pietro Lombardo
4.The first building in the Renaissance manner was
a)Tempietto San Pietro
b)Palazzo Medici-Riccardi
c)the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti who formulated linear
5.The largest church in the Christian world is ...
a)St. Paul's Cathedral
b)St. Peter's Cathedral
c)Gloucester Cathedral
6.The cathedral of the Assumption was built by ...
a)Fioravante
b)Novi
c)Bernini
7.The eastern facade of the Faceted Palace is faced with
a)mosaics
b)glazed tile
c)faceted white stones
Read the text and speak on a typical example of the Renaissance style in England.
Text 2
The Renaissance style in England
The Renaissance style of architecture made a very timid appearance in England during the first half of the 16th century, and it was only from about 1550 that it became a positive style with local qualities. In fact, the Gothic style continued in many parts of England throughout most of the 16th century, and English Renaissance architecture was a very original fusion of the Tudor Gothic and classical styles.
The Renaissance style really begins in England in the middle of the 16th century in architecture built for the circle of the Lord Protector Somerset.
A typical example of the Renaissance style of England is to be found in the quadrangle that John Caius added to Gonville Hall at Cambridge.
The architecture of the new court was basically Tudor Gothic, but Caius planned three gateways in connection with the court, two of which were in Italian style. The three gates were to mark the progress of the student through
the university. At the entrance was the Gate of Humility (1565), a modest doorway, now in the Master's garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch for the opening. Finally, the Gate of Honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools for the final disputation and degree.
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
Warming-up
1.When did the Baroque flourish?
2.What world famous Baroque landmarks do you know?
3.Who brought the Baroque to Russia?
Text 1
Read the text and tell about the main features of the Baroque.
BAROQUE
Baroque and late Baroque, or Rococo, are terms applied to European art of the period from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century.
"Baroque" was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. This term was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word also described an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.
During the Baroque period (c. 1600 - 1750), architecture, painting, and sculpture were integrated into decorative ensembles. Architecture and sculpture became pictorial, and painting became illusionistic. Baroque art was essentially concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources, luxurious materials, and elaborate, contrasting surface textures.
Baroque architects made architecture a means of propagating faith in the church and in the state. Baroque space, with directionality, movement, and positive molding, contrasted markedly with the static, stable, and defined space of the High Renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the High Renaissance of the early 16th century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th.
The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate forms: the strongly Roman Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Bohemia, southern Germany, Austria, and Poland) tended toward freer and more active architectural forms and surfaces; in Protestant regions (England, the Netherlands, and the remainder of northern Europe) architecture was more