rybina_ea_i_dr_angliiskii_iazyk_dlia_magistrov_i_aspirantov
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13.In addition to the possibilities of design and texture, the laminate is claimed to have very high resistance to chemicals and any kind of staining.
14.Laminate is expected to be used for decorative and functional covering of surfaces in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications.
15.The great Pyramid of Khufu is estimated to weigh 5750000 tons.
16.Egyptian pyramids are judged to be the most extravagant buildings ever considered.
17.In a pile group the down drag force on an individual pile is likely to be smaller than on a single pile.
18.Few efforts appear to have been made previously to consider the down drag force within different piles in a group.
19.The method to evaluate the down drag force using the equivalent radius seemed to provide a good agreement with the measured results.
20.The mechanical damage to structures caused by frost is found to be associated with ice crystals, which in certain materials can reach a thickness of many inches.
21.The reason for the preferential growth of ice crystals in the larger pores is not difficult to understand.
22.Corrosion phenomena are usually difficult to recognize without a thorough knowledge of chemistry.
23.In the strict sense it appears to be incorrect to speak about the chemical composition of the hydration products of calcium hydrosilicates, this chemical composition being variable and controlled by the conditions of hydration.
24.There are cities where geographical location requires elaborate systems of water supply, and to provide a satisfactory supply of water in these localities becomes a large engineering task.
в) информационные технологии
1.The key features to consider in any microprocessor are: word length, architecture, speed, programming flexibility, etc.
2.Word length should be the first feature to consider.
3.Since microprocessors are likely to be used by the million in the near future it is reasonable to ask what a microprocessor is, how it can be used and what its feature impact will be.
4.Processor is known to refer to the processing circuits: central processing unit, memory, clock and timing.
5.The knowledge of the functional block diagram allows the microprocessor to be divided into physical blocks such as: arithmetic and logic unit, memories, etc, each block is characterized by its function.
6.Since the late 1960’s experiments have been under way to simulate human speech, to enable people to communicate with computers as easily as they communicate with each other.
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7.A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), single-chip, voice-synthesis to produce human speech already is widely used in toys, cameras and watches and the applications are expected to continue to grow.
8.Electronic equipment has been proved to do jobs better and more economically than other devices.
9.Industrial electronics is said to be a comparative newcomer to industrial plants.
10.Everybody considers electronic devices to play great role in industrial control.
11.The engineer wants the new devices to be tested in the laboratory.
12.All the data available are fed into the computer to be processed.
13.The new computer developed by IBM is expected to translate all important publications into English.
14.Computers are used to control complex machines and processes.
15.One of the registers is the Program Counter (PC), which keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory.
16.Today most personal computers have enough memory to be used for word processing and business applications.
17.Disc drives are used to handle one or more floppy disks.
18.Computers are also used to present data in a more understandable form: electrical engineers use computer graphics to design circuits and people in business can present information visually to clients in graphs and diagrams
19.To make the programs easier to write and overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, high-level languages were designed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, or PASCAL.
20.The analogue computer produces analogues or parallels of the process to be described or the problem to be solved.
21.The computer of the future seems to be developed by using bionicsbiological functions of plants and animals-as a guide in designing electronic circuits.
22.Something seems to be limiting the amount of electron flow.
23.We know the idea of space flights to have attracted the attention of people since the remotest times.
24.To produce a somewhat larger amount of direct current, two diode tubes may be combined into one circuit.
25.Among the advantages of this type of generator is the fact that it doesn’t have to be synchronized.
г) экономика
1. The efficiency of computer trading has led many observers to question the continuing need for centralized stock exchanges in world markets and to
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promote the elimination of trading floors as has already been done in London and Copenhagen.
2.Competition among the world’s financial exchanges, as well as among their regulators, is likely to be the most efficient way to develop the best mechanisms for conducting and regulating transactions.
3.To successfully solve the problem of attracting investments to the economy of the capital it is necessary to raise the infrastructure of the security market to a new level and to solve the problem facing its participants.
4.One of our most important tasks is to develop our own Russian security market.
5.It is not at all surprising for electronic technology to be used in the payment system.
6.The goal of the Russian Petroleum Legislation Project is to draft Russian law and legally to gain access to underground resources, such as oil.
7.One of the roles of government is to serve as the protector of a competitive economic system.
8.Our economy seems to be plagued with the problems of unemployment and rising prices.
9.It was realized that it was much easier to use these receipts for the purchase of goods than the purchaser to have to go along to the goldsmith, withdraws the necessary amount of gold and hand it over to the seller of the goods, and for the seller than to redeposit it with the goldsmith.
10.Iraq is known to have great oil potential, but little is known about how much there is.
11.These issues and problems were considered of sufficient importance to be a major topic of discussion at the recent APEC Leaders’ meeting.
12.Unemployment is almost sure to rise over the next few months making consumers even more nervous about their economic future.
13.Another approach is to make use of the newest electronic technology in the area of shares to significally lower the specific outlay needed to service small investors.
14.8 November 1839 is considered to be the official day of commencement of the Moscow Exchange operations.
15.We need to continue our work to exert stronger controls over the financial institutions – some of them highly respected – in the industrialized world, including offshore centres, through which money laundering takes place.
16.The efficiency of computer trading as led many observers to question the continuing need for centralized stock exchanges in world markets and to promote the elimination of trading floors as has already been done in London and Copenhagen.
17.Competition among the world’s financial exchanges, as well as among their regulators, is likely to be the most efficient way to develop the best mechanisms for conducting and regulating transactions.
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18.To know at any moment exactly which dealer want to buy or sell any currency enables the broker to find quickly an opposite party for a client without revealing the identity of either party until after a transaction has been agreed upon.
19.To be notified of upcoming bids, other through the advertisement, a company must be on the approved bid list.
20.Industrial advertising is a cost-effective way to support the selling effect.
21.It is often costly to have a salesperson continually visit a potential customer.
22.A person is likely to choose products that either are compatible with his or her self-concept or will help that person move closer to his or her ideal self.
23.A product that does not appeal to the consumer’s real or ideal selfconcept is less likely to be purchased.
24.Purchases of industrial products tend to be larger, in that a few firms tend to account for the majority of purchasing.
25.In order to innovate and manage products successfully, you must define what is an acceptable product.
Д. Герундий
а) нефтегазопромысловое дело
1.They consider that reducing automobile emissions by reformulating gasoline is the best solution of pollution problems.
2.Cameroon in the past has considered building a natural gas liquefaction plant as a way of preparing gas for sale into international markets.
3.In speaking of rocks, geologists use the word “solid” in its technical sense.
4.Solids can be changed into liquids and gases by being heated.
5.Crystalline material is characterized by the atoms being arranged in a definite pattern.
6.Coal is a carbonaceous mineral matter that generally is consolidated as a result of being buried in the earth.
7.Mechanical weathering is not finished before chemical weathering begins, the two processes usually going simultaneously.
8.By adding heat to a solid we transform it into a liquid.
9.It was necessary to complete the experiment without destroying the substance.
10.Describing the facts of nature and natural events is the fundamental aim of science.
11.Fluorescence observation renews the petrology of coal components by improving the diagnosis of hydrogenerated constituents.
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12.A challenging problem in mature oil fields is maintaining profitable operations when oil production continuously decreases.
13.By adopting a very conservative design strategy and incorporating large safety margins, the effects of uncertainties in marine pipeline construction can be minimized.
14.Man lived for ages on the earth without knowing anything about the existence of great oil supplies.
15.Advances in abrasive cutting technology have improved the methods for removing damaged equipment and preparing wellheads for capping.
16.A new method can evaluate the flow régimes without considering the fluid density as a determinant parameter.
17.A new diamond compact bit design combines cutter layout, load balancing, unsymmetrical blades and spiraled blades to reduce problematic vibrations without limiting drilling efficiency.
18.To control bit vibrations, much effort has been put into designing and developing stable bits.
19.It is difficult for a technology, whose efficiency is dependent on specific operational parameters, to be effective at shopping all types of vibrations.
20.Attempts to mitigate a specific vibrational mode (bit whirl) by varying weight on bit to be excited in another vibrational mode (slip-stick).
21.Providing reliable and detailed seabed data was imperative in order to document technical feasibility and develop a cost-effective design for the Troll oil pipeline.
22.Complying with the design criteria required seabed intervention before pipelaying to prepare the route.
23.Short pipeline sectors were covered by gravel to protect the pipeline because of a potential risk of falling rock and boulders from the steep sides of the fjord.
24.The borehole was made by first drilling a 12-in pilot hole and later enlarging it with a 30-in reamer.
25.Applying a lay procedure that resulted in low residual tension in the pipeline and accurately positioning the pipeline on the seabed permitted successful laying across the very irregular seabed in the outer Fensfjorden.
б) гражданское строительство
1.By using industrial methods of construction the speed of construction may be considerably increased.
2.Erecting tall buildings without using building mechanisms is now unthinkable.
3.Prestressed concrete is widely used in building modern structures.
4.Methods of designing structures are changing.
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5.Timber, stone and brick being the coldest building materials is common knowledge.
6.Great possibilities are open to our architects and builders by using modern achievements in science and technology in building.
7.Bricks in their most primitive form were not burned, but were hardened by being dried in the sun.
8.When our ancestors emerged from caves their first efforts at obtaining man-made shelters were probably devoted to supporting branches against trees and rocks and covering them with large leaves. One can hardly live through the day without using some of plastics in one way or another. Plastics in one way or another damage fire damage faces all branches of industry.
9.Plastics in one way or another damage fire damage faces all branches of industry.
10.Stone is widely used for finishing and decorating all sorts of structures.
11.We use the main building materials for bearing structures, cementing materials are used for joining different planes.
12.The paper describes a method of analysis for evaluating downdrag forces on a pail group.
13.Combined with water cement forms a paste capable of setting both in air and under water i.e. of solidification and of eventually becoming hard as stone.
14.Calcium aluminate hydrates are low in strength and have the disadvantage of causing shrinkage of the concrete and of having a poor resistance to sulfate attack.
15.The earliest settlers took advantage of natural water sources by establishing colonies in close proximity to them.
16.There are three important factors in selecting a source of water supply: quality or volume available, quality and cost.
17.The distribution system for carrying water directly to the individual consumers must be carefully considered, and the proper layout designed.
18.The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very pressing for many countries since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century.
19.Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid endangering the health of the community.
20.The present time the problem of good sanitation is closely connected with that of protecting the purity of natural water reservoirs.
21.The chief purpose in treating or purifying water is to destroy or eliminate impurities that may cause diseases.
22.The distribution system for supplying water comprises the means for bringing water from the source of supply to individual homes, industrial plants, offices, and fire-protection points in the community.
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23.The water treatment plant should be designed so that the cost of producing safe water will be as low as possible.
24.By varying the temperature of the water at the heating plant, the supply of heat and the temperature of the building can be approximately controlled according to the outside temperature.
в) информационные технологии
1.Still faster means of getting computer-stored information must be developed.
2.The problems of communicating with the computer are becoming increasingly apparent.
3.Parallel processing was introduced into the fourth generation computer called ILLIAC IV named after the University of Illinois, where it was designed.
4.Because of its being applied in different branches of modern industry, electronics is growing in importance from day to day.
5.We know of the semiconductor diode having traveled a long way since its discovery.
6.Telecommunicating is accomplished by linking your computer to telephone lines and contacting someone through a device called modem.
7.Your having worked at the plant helps you to master technical subjects.
8.I heard of you head engineer’s having been sent abroad.
9.We know of Newton’s having developed the principles of mechanics.
10.The only satisfactory method of amplifying radio signals that has been discovered is by the use of vacuum tube.
11.The high cost of programming has been one of the main obstacles to the efficient use of large-scale computers.
12.In spite of having met with failure they continued experimenting.
13.We’ll rely on the experiment after being conducted correctly.
14.This is a result of our not having specified input or output variables for the network.
15.A system analyst spends much of a working day by interviewing people.
16.The system architecture consists of several layers together with corresponding compiling modules.
17.A color scanner operates by using three rotating lamps, each of which has a different colored filter: red, green and blue. The resulting three separate images are combined into one by appropriate software.
18.“Updating” a file means making changes adding new records or deleting old ones.
19.Computer animation is the process of creating objects and pictures which move across the screen.
20.The most popular way of delivering sound is the hardware sound board.
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21.Mice are used for loading documents into a program: you put the pointer on the file name and double-click on the name-that is, you press a mouse button twice in rapid succession.
22.An effective means of segregating the interrupting devices in an interrupt system is the vectored interrupt philosophy. This philosophy depends on the interrupting devices to resolve their relative priority (independent of the processor ) and then to present a unique interrupt vector to the processor upon being acknowledged by the interrupt system within the processor.
23.The processor can more efficiently handle the interrupt requirements without being burdened with the monitoring and dispatching of resources for every interrupt in detail.
24.Replacing the software data conversion routines by hardware results in faster program execution and higher maximum data transmission rates on the serial line.
25.There are available today several large scale integrated devices which perform parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion, insert start and stop bits and transmit or receive serial data in a number of varying standards and formats.
г) экономика
1.The use of money prices is the most convenient means of measuring future claims.
2.In dealing with the rest of the world, a country earns foreign exchange on some transactions and expends foreign exchange on some others.
3.The common use of major credit cards such as Visa, Master Card, and American Express and their fairly wide acceptance as a means of obtaining goods and services in recent times have caused some people to confuse them with money,
4.Purchasing a small pocket calculator, a newspaper, or a pen is normally done with currency. But purchasing a car, a new set of furniture, or a Caribbean cruise is normally done with checking accounts.
5.Automatic teller machines allow clients to perform a wide variety of banking activities including withdrawing and depositing, transferring funds from one account to another, paying bills, and checking account balances.
6.Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promoting, and distributing ideas, goods, services to create exchanges and satisfied individual and organizational goals.
7.Managers of production-oriented organizations concentrate on achieving high production efficiency and wide distribution.
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8.Unless supply and demand reflect all the benefits and all the costs to producing and consuming a product, the prices that result from the interaction of supply and demand may not be “right”.
9.Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the seventeenth-century French finance minister, said the art of taxation was in ‘plucking the goose so as to obtain the largest amount of feathers with the least possible amount of hissing.” In the United
States, governments have designed a variety of methods of plucking the privatesector goose.
10.Grouping customers into meaningful segments involves meeting some specific criteria for segmentation and finding specific variables to segment the consumer, or industrial market being analyzed.
11.The European Union on Monday rejected US proposal for bringing a muti-billion-dollar US program into line with World Trade Organization rules, risking further strain in transatlantic trade relations.
12.The prospective reform agenda has many of elements of the 1996 program: remaking a complex and arbitrary tax system; restricting banks and industry; reforming agriculture; strengthening the social safety net; turning barter into cash payments; improving transparency; creating a friendlier environment for foreign investment; and improving the governance of the economy.
13.Dealers also act as principals in secondary markets (i.e., after primary distribution has been completed) by maintaining an inventory of already issued, outstanding securities.
14.Among the oldest surviving companies in Canada, the “Big Six” banks grew through mergers, by retaining earnings in the business over the years and through periodic rights offerings to existing shareholders.
15.In dealing with the rest of the world, a country earns foreign exchange on some transactions and expends foreign exchange on others.
16.Borrowing abroad brings in foreign exchange and is therefore recorded as a credit.
17.This is largely due to a further tightening of monetary policy and widening interest rate differentials.
18.In spite of all its sins, it is ironic that the International Monetary Fund now stands accused of conspiring to launder money for the benefit of the Russian Mafia.
19.In interviewing or hiring salespeople, it is important for you to evaluate the person in terms of the existence and balance of empathy and ego.
20.Institutional advertising is advertising aimed at developing the company or brand image of a firm in certain segments of the market.
21.In developing the marketing mix for a service, three areas need concentration: eliminating wide fluctuations in demand, ensuring quality with minimal variation, and developing a unique pricing and promotional strategy.
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22.Marketing managers tend to think in terms of groups or masses of people, since a company doesn’t make a profit by selling one pencil or one blouse to one customer. Profit comes from selling to many people.
23.In terms of its economic aspect a market is the aggregate of all buying and selling units relating the aspects of supply and demand by building up and breaking down goods and services in order that exchange occur.
24.In addition to providing answers to these and other questions, the sales achieved in the test market can be used as the base for forecasting national sales.
25.In order to achieve profitability, the company needs to be highly skilled in machine design and thereby eliminate costly labor.
Е. Сослагательное наклонение
а) нефтегазопромысловое дело
1.Developing gas to generate power or to full industry in Cameroon could be very important to the country.
2.Latin America has been nominated as one of the less developed regions that might inherit the Asia region’s position.
3.The events of the last year also suggest two key points that should be kept in mind when considering Mexico’s future.
4.If a fracture was a few inches away from the borehole trajectory, borehole
– imaging tools results would not be able to identify the fracture.
5.It is required that all measurements of flow rate in the pipe be done.
6.The calculations of a pipeline strength, which would have taken much time some decades ago, are now done in a few minutes.
7.We suggested that the plans of development of titanium deposit be discussed in detail.
8.Without new geophysics methods it would be difficult to do exploration for oil.
9.There would be no progress in supplying the mankind with energy without development of petroleum industry.
10.Had the drilling engineer not been equipped with all up-to-date instruments, it would be difficult to drill deep oil wells.
11.If people had not learned to construct pipelines, they would have faced the problem of transporting oil from distant areas.
12.If there were no difference of gas pressure in the reservoir and at the surface, gas would flow up to the ground.
13.Oil pipelines must be scrubbed clean from inside lest they should be blocked with dirt and wax.