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fbjZ lZf pZjbl l_i_jv ih \Zr_c fbehklb mgueh_ b ^h[jhihjy^hqgh_ kj_^g_Zjbnf_lbq_kdh_ ihljykZxs__ b m[b\Zxs__ k\h_c [_a^Zjghklvx D wlhfm eb \u klj_fbebkv" ?keb ^Z – h lh]^Z \u k^_eZeb kljZrgh_ ^_eh
@_eZy \uie_kgmlv ]jyagmx \h^m \u \uie_kgmeb \f_kl_ k g_c b j_[_gdZ Hohlykv aZ nhjfZebafhf \u mgbqlh`beb bkdmkkl\h
H]hg_d ‹ K
144
33. Ba ibkvfZ F : ;me]Zdh\Z11 B < KlZebgm
4 n_\jZey ]
Bhkbnm <bkkZjbhgh\bqm KlZebgm hl ^jZfZlmj]Z FboZbeZ :nZgZkv_ \bqZ ;me]Zdh\Z
=em[hdhm\Z`Z_fuc Bhkbn <bkkZjbhgh\bq
JZaj_rbl_ fg_ h[jZlblvky d <Zf k ijhkv[hx dZkZxs_cky ^jZfZlmj]Z GbdheZy Jh[_jlh\bqZ Wj^fZgZ12 hl[u\r_]h iheghklvx lj_oe_lgbc kjhd
k\h_c kkuedb \ ]hjh^Zo ?gbk_ckd_ b Lhfkd_ b \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ijh`b \Zxs_]h \ ] DZebgbg_
M\_j_gguc \ lhf qlh ebl_jZlmjgu_ ^Zjh\Zgby qj_a\uqZcgh p_ggu \ gZr_f hl_q_kl\_ b agZy \ lh `_ \j_fy qlh ebl_jZlhj G Wj^fZg l_i_jv
ebr_g \hafh`ghklb ijbf_gblv k\hb kihkh[ghklb \ke_^kl\b_ kha^Z\r_ ]hky d g_fm hljbpZl_evgh]h hlghr_gby ihemqb\r_]h j_adh_ \ujZ`_gb_ \ ij_kk_ y iha\heyx k_[_ ijhkblv <Zk h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ gZ _]h km^v[m
GZoh^ykv \ gZ^_`^_ qlh mqZklv ebl_jZlhjZ G Wj^fZgZ [m^_l kfy]q_
gZ _keb <u gZc^_l_ gm`guf jZkkfhlj_lv wlm ijhkv[m y ]hjyqh ijhrm h lhf qlh[u G Wj^fZgm [ueZ ^ZgZ \hafh`ghklv \_jgmlvky \ Fhkd\m [_k
ij_iylkl\_ggh ljm^blvky \ ebl_jZlmj_ \uc^y ba khklhygby h^bghq_kl\Z b ^mr_\gh]h m]g_l_gby
F ;me]Zdh\
Bklhqgbd ‹ K
34. D Kbfhgh\ =eZaZfb q_eh\_dZ fh_]h ihdhe_gby hlju\db
@_klhdbf [eZ]hf [ueb ^ey f_gy f_kyp beb ihelhjZ dhlhju_ y ijh\_e \ [hevgbp_ \ Fhkd\_ gZ Kh[Zqv_c iehsZ^d_ \ [hevgbp_ ij_\jZs_gghc \ baheylhj ^ey [hevguo [jxrgydhf ;jxrgyd wlhl – lZd aZihfgbehkv fg_
k lh]h \j_f_gb – [ue aZg_k_g \ Fhkd\m dZd h^gh ba ihke_^kl\bc ]heh^Z 33-]h ]h^Z gZ MdjZbg_ < Fhkd\m lygmebkv kiZkZxsb_ky hl ]heh^Z ex^b ijb_a`Zeb kdZieb\Zebkv gZ \hdaZeZo – wlh [ueh h^ghc ba ijbqbg wib ^_fbb [jxrgydZ – lZd y h[ wlhf keurZe lh]^Z \ [hevgbp_ Y e_`Ze \
iZeZl_ ^ey ly`_euo iyl_jh ba gZk mf_jeh ljh_ \u`beb < i_j\u_ ^gb h^bg ba ihlhf mf_jrbo jZkkdZau\Ze h[ wlhf ]heh^_ \ ihem[j_^m jZkkdZ au\Ze ]hjyq_qgh gh ihgylgh Hg [ue ba ih^h[jZgguo gZ \hdaZe_ Dhg_q gh b \ KZjZlh\_ y `be g_ \ [_a\ha^mrghf ijhkljZgkl\_: \ ]hjh^_ g_ [ueh
b h^gh]h b ^jm]h]h b lj_lv_]h d dZjlhqdZf [ueZ m`_ ijb\uqdZ g_-
kdhevdh e_l ?^Z \ lhc aZ\h^kdhc klheh\hc ]^_ fu h[_^Zeb mqZkv \ NAM [ueZ kljZggh aZihfgb\r_cky \ lhl ]h^ dh]^Z g_ [ueh fgh]h]h ^jm]h]h
145
ohjhrh mjh^beZkv gZ Gb`g_c <he]_ khy dhlhjmx lZf \^jm] klZeb dmev lb\bjh\Zlv b fu _eb dZ`^uc ^_gv wlm khx \ \b^_ kmih\ b \ \b^_ dhle_l b \ \b^_ dbk_e_c Gh k ijyfuf jZkkdZahf h lhf qlh lZdh_ ]heh^ k ijy fuf \b^_gb_f _]h ihke_^kl\bc y klhedgmeky ebrv lh]^Z \ -f \ [hev
gbp_ @bagv kmgmeZ f_gy ghkhf \ wlh lhevdh lZf B wlh aZihfgbehkv b lh`_ [ueh dZdhc-lh `_kldhc kljZgbp_c \hafm`Zgby
<ha\jZsZykv \ \hkihfbgZgbyo d kZjZlh\kdbf ]h^Zf – d – \kih- fbgZx dZdb_-lh ih^jh[ghklb ]h\hjysb_ fg_ k_cqZk h lhf qlh \ \ha^mo_ \blZeh jZagh_ AZihfgbeZkv dZdZy-lh qZklmrdZ lh]h ]h^Z “Hc dZebgZ – dZebgZ r_klv mkeh\bc KlZebgZ hklZevgu_ – Judh\Z b I_ljZ <_ebdh]h”. Y __ i_lv – g_ i_e gh keurZlv – keurZe AgZqbl dlh-lh __ i_e dZd-lh hgZ i_j_ghkbeZkv ;ueh \ \ha^mo_ lZdh_ [ueh b ^jm]h_
Ihfgx d_f-lh dZ`_lky \ NAM ihdZaZggmx fg_ [mfZ`dm \jh^_ ebk lh\hqdb GZ ebkld_ wlhf [ueh gZjbkh\Zgh qlh-lh \jh^_ j_qdb k \ukh
dbfb [_j_]Zfb GZ h^ghf klhyl Ljhpdbc Abgh\v_\ b DZf_g_\ gZ ^jm ]hf – KlZebg b g_ lh Fbdhyg g_ lh Hj^`hgbdb^a_ \ h[s_f dlh-lh ba
dZ\dZap_\ Ih^ wlbf l_dkl ³B aZkihjbeb keZ\yg_ dhfm ijZ\blv gZ Jmkb´ ;ueh lh]^Z b lZdh_ lh`_ kms_kl\h\Zeh \ \ha^mo_ Gh aZihfgbehkv dZd kf_rgh_ Z g_ dZd \hr_^r__ \ ^mrm beb aZklZ\b\r__ aZ^mfZlvky
G_ agZx dZd ^jm]b_ Z hl f_gy \ l_ ]h^u lZdh_ hlkdZdb\Zeh Y [ue aZ [jhgbjh\Zg hl wlh]h fukeyfb h DjZkghc :jfbb dhlhjZy \ ]jy^msbo kjZ-
`_gbyo [m^_l ³\k_o kbevg_c´ kljZklghc ex[h\vx d g_c \t_\r_cky _s_ k ^_lkdbo e_l b fukeyfb h iylbe_ld_ dhlhjZy hldju\ZeZ lZdh_ [m^ms__ [_a dhlhjh]h `blv ^Zevr_ g_evay gZ^h k^_eZlv \k_ qlh gZibkZgh \ iylb-
e_lg_f ieZg_ Fukeb h DjZkghc :jfbb b h iylbe_ld_ k\yau\Zebkv \h_-
^bgh dZiblZebklbq_kdbf hdjm`_gb_f _keb fu g_ ihkljhbf \k_]h qlh j_rbeb lh [m^_f [_aaZsblgu ih]b[g_f g_ kfh`_f \h_\Zlv _keb gZ gZk gZiZ^ml – wlh [ueh kh\_jr_ggh g_khfg_gguf B fh`_l [ulv ihwlhfm
dh]^Z y keurZe h [hjv[_ k ijZ\uf mdehghf dhgqb\r_cky \ lh]^Zrg_f fh_f ij_^klZ\e_gbb aZf_ghc Judh\Z Fhehlh\uf dZaZehkv ykguf qlh k ijZ\uf mdehghf ijboh^blky [hjhlvky ihlhfm qlh hgb ijhlb\ [ukljhc bg^mkljbZebaZpbb Z _keb fu [ukljh g_ bg^mkljbZebabjm_fky lh gZk khfgml b g_q_f [m^_l aZsbsZlvky – wlh kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ Ohly \ jZa]h\h
jZo dhlhju_ y keurZe ijhkdZevau\Zeb b ghlu kbfiZlbb d Judh\m d ;moZjbgm hkh[_ggh d ihke_^g_fm dZd d ex^yf dhlhju_ ohl_eb qlh[u \ kljZg_ ihe_]q_ `behkv qlh[ [ueh ih[hevr_ \k_]h dZd d jZ^_l_eyf aZ kulhklv q_eh\_dZ gh wlh [ueb lhevdh ghlu lhevdh dZdb_-lh hla\mdb
qm`bo fg_gbc IjZ\hlZ KlZebgZ dhlhjuc klhye aZ [ukljmx bg^mkljbZ-
ebaZpbx kljZgu b ^h[b\Zeky __ \h bfy wlh]h kihjbe k ^jm]bfb b ^hdZ au\Ze bo g_ijZ\hlm – _]h ijZ\hlZ [ueZ ^ey f_gy \g_ khfg_gbc b \ b
\ b \ e_l
146
G_ agZx dZd ^ey ^jm]bo fhbo k\_jklgbdh\ ^ey f_gy ]h^ ihqlb ^h kZfh]h _]h dhgpZ hklZeky \ iZfylb dZd ]h^ kZfuo k\_leuo gZ^_`^ fh _c xghklb Qm\kl\h\Zehkv qlh kljZgZ i_j_rZ]gmeZ q_j_a dZdb_-lh ljm^
ghklb ijb \k_c gZijy`_gghklb ijh^he`Z\r_cky jZ[hlu klZeh e_]q_ `blv – b ^moh\gh b fZl_jbZevgh Y hsmsZe k_[y ijbqZklguf d wlhc
`bagb ihlhfm qlh m f_gy [ueh hsms_gb_ qlh y ijhjZ[hlZe ihqlb \kx iylbe_ldm \_^v NAM – wlh g_ lhevdh aZgylby gh b q_luj_ qZkZ _`_^g_\
ghc jZ[hlu
B kljhbl_evkl\h ;_ehfhjdZgZeZ b kljhbl_evkl\h dZgZeZ Fhkd\Z –
<he]Z gZqZ\r__ky kjZam ihke_ hdhgqZgby i_j\h]h kljhbl_evkl\Z [ueb lh]^Z \ h[s_f b \ fh_f ij_^klZ\e_gbb g_ lhevdh kljhbl_evkl\hf gh b ]mfZgghc rdhehc i_j_dh\db ex^_c ba iehobo \ ohjhrb_ ba m]heh\gbdh\ \ kljhbl_e_c iylbe_ldb KlZju_ ]j_ob ijhsZebkv aZ ljm^h\u_ ih^ \b]b khdjZsZeb kjhdb b ^hkjhqgh hk\h[h`^Zeb b ^Z`_ \ bguo kemqZyo g_^Z\gbo aZdexq_gguo gZ]jZ`^Zeb hj^_gZfb LZdh\ [ue h[sbc gZkljhc ijhbkoh^ys_]h lZd wlh ih^Z\Zehkv
Kbfhgh\ D F =eZaZfb q_eh\_dZ fh_]h ihdhe_gby JZafure_gby h KlZebg_ F K –119
35. Ba ibk_f F : Rhehoh\Z13
– B <. KlZebgm
^_dZ[jy ]
>hjh]hc Bhkbn <bkkZjbhgh\bq
fZy ] y [ue m \Zk gZ ^Zq_ ?keb ihfgbl_ <u ^Zeb fg_ lh]^Z [mluedm dhgvydm @_gZ hlh[jZeZ __ m f_gy b l\_j^h aZy\beZ ³Wlh iZ fylv b iblv g_evay´ < dhgp_ dhgph\ y __ `_gm \k_ `_ mehfZe ^h]h\h jbebkv jZkiblv wlm [mluehqdm dh]^Z dhgqm ³Lbobc >hg´ : lZd dZd wlh kh\iZ^Z_l k ^g_f <Zr_]h jh`^_gby lh y ih^h`^m ^h -]h b lh]^Z i_j_^
l_f dZd \uiblv ih`_eZx <Zf lh]h qlh `_eZ_l klZjbd ba ijbeh`_gghc d ibkvfm klZl_cdb
yg\Zjy ]
>hjh]hc lh\Zjbs KlZebg
< lhf_ <Zrbo Khqbg_gbc him[ebdh\Zgh qlh y ^himklbe \ jhfZg_ ³Lbobc >hg´ ³jy^ ]jm[_crbo hrb[hd b ijyfh g_\_jguo k\_^_gbc gZkq_l KZjph\Z Ih^l_edh\Z Djb\hreudh\Z b ^j´ <u agZ_l_ qlh jhfZg qblZ_l ky fgh]bfb qblZl_eyfb b bamqZ_lky \ klZjrbo deZkkZo kj_^gbo rdhe klm^_glZfb ebl_jZlmjguo nZdmevl_lh\ mgb\_jkbl_lh\ b i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ ?kl_kl\_ggh qlh ihke_ him[ebdh\Zgby <Zr_]h ibkvfZ
147
lh\ N Dhgm m qblZl_e_c ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c ebl_jZlmju b mqZsboky \hagb
dZxl \hijhku \ q_f y hrb[ky b dZd gZ^h ijZ\bevgh ihgbfZlv kh[ulby hibkZggu_ \ jhfZg_« Dh fg_ h[jZsZxlky aZ jZatykg_gbyfb gh y fheqm h`b^Zy <Zr_]h keh\Z
Rhehoh\
Bklhqgbd ‹ K –17.
36. K_dj_lZjx PD <DI [ l KlZebgm B < l :g^j__\m : :
«Ba\_klguc fhkdh\kdbc om^h`gbd IZ\_e Dhjbg14
[hlZ_l gZ^ ih^]hlh\dhc dZjlbgu ]^_ ^he`gu [ulv bah[jZ`_gu p_jdh\ gbdb fhgZob xjh^b\u_ b l ^ AZ wlh \j_fy hg \uklZ\be \k_]h ^\_ dZj
lbgu ihjlj_lu ll =hjvdh]h b Y]h^u Dhjbgm ihabjmxl [u\rb_ dgy]b gb gug_ klZ\rb_ fhgZobgyfb ihiu \k_o jZg]h\ b iheh`_gbc ijhlh ^vydhgu xjh^b\u_ b ijhqb_ ih^hgdb OZjZdl_jbamy k\hx dZjlbgm dZd `b\hibkgh_ ijhba\_^_gb_ gZ l_fm ³Moh^ysZy Jmkv´ IZ\_e Dhjbg ih gZr_fm fg_gbx kha^Zkl dZjlbgm ml\_j`^Zxsmx j_eb]bhagh_ qm\kl\h b hkljb_f k\hbf gZijZ\e_ggmx ijhlb\ gZk
Bklhqgbd ‹ K –94.
37. B =jbrZr\beb Ibkvfh <h`^x ba fh_]h ba[bjZl_evgh]h mqZkldZ
«L_[y \ Fhkd\_ k_]h^gy ba[bjZeb – G_ hkeZ[_\ a\mqZe fhc ]hehk lZf
Lu [ue lu _klv lu [m^_rv k gZfb ^Ze_ Lu –gZr_ k_j^p_ fha] lu ^hjh] gZf Lu gZf hldjue qlh fbj g_ agZe \_dZfb Q_]h gbdlh g_ \b^_e gbdh]^Z
B \_jbf qlh \k_]^Z ih[_^Z k gZfb =^_ k gZfb lu ]^_ k gZfb lu \k_]^Z
Oj_klhfZlby ih bklhjbb Jhkkbb i_j\hc iheh\bgu OO \_dZ: Kihjgu_ \hijhku bklhjbb F K .
38. : :glhgh\-H\k__gdh L_Zlj BhkbnZ KlZebgZba\e_q_gby
Hg [ue g_hljZabf«
Hk_gv ]h^Z Ijhdmjhj Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb <eZ^bfbj :e_d kZg^jh\bq :glhgh\-H\k__gdh ijbr_e ^hfhc jZ^hklguc \a\hegh\Zgguc
148
– ?^m \ BkiZgbx Y [ue m KlZebgZ Wlh g_h[udgh\_gguc q_eh\_d
DZdZy dhgp_gljZpby \heb b mfZ« DZdZy dhehkkZevgZy wg_j]by
< ;Zjk_ehgm ]_g_jZevguc dhgkme m_a`Ze h[eZkdZgguc mghky \ k_j^p_ h[jZa h[Zyl_evgh]h q_eh\_dZ ijhahjeb\h]h <h`^y«
« K bkdmkkl\hf dhlhjhfm fh]eb [u ihaZ\b^h\Zlv pbjdh\u_ \her_[ gbdb hg \ ^_dZ[j_ ]h^Z ^Ze ij_^klZ\e_gby g_f_pdhfm ibkZl_ex
Wfbex Ex^\b]m b ljb ]h^Z kimkly – Zg]ebckdhfm nZglZklm = Mweekm
Hgb lh`_ g_ mklhyeb i_j_^ _]h qZjZfb IjZ\^Z Mweek aZf_lbe qlh =_g k_d gb jZam g_ ihkfhlj_e _fm \ ]eZaZ gh h lZdbo imklydZo b ]h\hjblv g_ klhbeh AgZf_gZl_evgh lh qlh Mweek gZibkZe ³Y gbdh]^Z g_ \klj_qZe [he__ qbklhk_j^_qgh]h kijZ\_^eb\h]h b q_klgh]h q_eh\_dZ b k\hbf ih ljykZxsbf g_hkihjbfuf \hkoh`^_gb_f hg h[yaZg bf_ggh wlbf dZq_kl
\Zf Z g_ q_fm-lh l_fghfm b aeh\_s_fm« >h \klj_qb k gbf y ^mfZe qlh hg \hafh`gh gZoh^blky gZ wlhf ihklm ihlhfm qlh ex^b [hylky _]h gh kdhjh ihgye qlh _]h gbdlh g_ [hblky b qlh \k_ _fm ^h\_jyxl´
Kj_^b ibkZl_e_c dhlhjuo hg h[\_e \hdjm] iZevpZ Z \_^v ijhgbpZ l_evghklv kqblZ_lky q_jlhc ijbkms_c gZklhys_fm ibkZl_ex gZah\_f
;Zj[xkZ Jhf_gZ JheeZgZ :g^j_ @b^Z b ;_jgZj^Z Rhm >Z b Rhm
«K Znhjbklbq_kdhc lhqghklvx Rhm hibkZe KlZebgZ dZd ihf_kv iZiu b n_ev^fZjrZeZ < p_ehf h^gZdh m Zg]ebckdh]h ]hkly hklZehkv [eZ]h ijbylgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ hl <h`^y b \ ]h^m hg im[ebqgh ZlZdh\Ze
djblbdh\ KlZebgZ
< ]h^u \hcgu Zdl_jkdbc lZeZgl =_gk_dZ ^hklb] \_jrbgu < i_j_]h\h jZo k ]eZ\Zfb ]hkm^Zjkl\ hg \k_]^Z ihiZ^Ze lhqgh \ lhg < ijbkmlkl\bb ijhgbpZl_evgh]h b g_^h\_jqb\h]h Q_jqbeey b]jZe k [hevrhc hklhjh`gh klvx k^_j`Zggh Jy^hf k ^h[jh^mrguf Jma\_evlhf gZdeZ^u\Ze bghc ]jbf < dhgp_ dhgph\ hg i_j_obljbe bo h[hbo fh`_l [ulv g_ \h \k_f gh \h fgh]hf KlZebg iulZeky m[_^blv dZ`^h]h qlh hg \h\k_ g_ ^bdlZlhj Z ijhklh i_j\uc kj_^b jZ\guo b qlh \k_ \Z`gu_ \hijhku dZkZxsb_ky ]h
km^Zjkl\Z b iZjlbb j_rZxlky dhee_dlb\gh ih-e_gbgkdb G_ lZd m` e_] dh _fm [ueh \udZau\Zlv bkdj_gg_ ihql_gb_ b bah[jZ`Zlv [eZ]hjh^gu_ fZg_ju gh hg ij_h^he_e wlb l_ogbq_kdb_ ljm^ghklb
Mbgklhg Q_jqbeev \kihfbgZe \ ]h^m
³KlZebg ijhba\_e gZ gZk \_ebqZcr__ \i_qZle_gb_ ?]h \ebygb_ gZ ex^_c g_hljZabfh Dh]^Z hg \oh^be \ aZe Yelbgkdhc dhgn_j_gpbb \k_
keh\gh ih dhfZg^_ \klZ\Zeb b – kljZggh_ ^_eh – ^_j`Zeb ihq_fm-lh jmdb
ih r\Zf«´
H^gZ`^u Q_jqbeev l\_j^h j_rbe g_ \klZ\Zlv ijb ihy\e_gbb KlZebgZ D gZqZem hq_j_^ghc \klj_qb hgb k Jma\_evlhf dZd h[uqgh aZgyeb k\hb f_klZ b klZeb `^Zlv ]eZ\m Kh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb KlZebg \hr_e b [m^lh ih
lmklhjhggyy kbeZ ih^gyeZ Zg]ebckdh]h ij_fv_jZ k f_klZ«
149