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-Customs union.

-Common market.

-Economic and monetary union.

-Complete economic integration.

Economic integration tends to precede political integration. Economic communities naturally evolve into political unions. Transformations in Europe gave European nations a completely new chance of cooperation and friendship. An example of cooperation is the European Union, which attempts to form infrastructure that crosses state borders. Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, and a customs union between its member states. The common market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people and services within the EU, and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market.

Another example of economic and political integration is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, with the exception of the Baltic Republics and Georgia. It was established in December 1991. The administrative center of the CIS is located in Minsk. The CIS possesses coordinating powers in the spheres of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. Some of the members of the CIS have established the Eurasian Economic Community with the aim of creating a full-fledged common market. The EurAsEC is working on establishing a common energy market and exploring the more efficient use of water in central Asia.

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1.What are the three factors for successful development of the nations?

2.What are the stages of economic integration? 3. What are the core objectives of the European Economic Community? 4. What other examples of economic and political integration are given in the text?

Discussion

1.What are the components of technological progress of the 21st century?

2.How do you perceive the development of economy in the 21st century?

3.What are the pros and cons of globalization?

4.What are the stages of economic integration?

5.What countries are major trading partners of the Republic of Belarus?

6.Which ‘uneconomic’ (or internationally uncompetitive) sectors, if any, do you think should be protected in your country?

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Project

Work with your partner or in small groups and prepare a presentation on one of the following topics:

1.The pros and cons of globalization.

2.Global marketing strategies of Belarusian enterprises.

3.Threats and opportunities of new technologies for Belarusian economy.

4.Economic Challenges for Belarus in the 21st century.

Section III. LEXICAL-GRAMMAR TESTS

Grammar material to be revised:

1.Non-finite Forms of the Verb and their Constructions (Complex Subject, Complex Object, For-to-Infinitive Construction, Absolute Participial construction).

2.Subjunctive Mood. Conditionals.

3.Verb. Tenses in the Active and PassiveVoice. (Revision)

4.Types of Clauses.

TEST I

I. Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

Retailing

1.The retailer performs the last stage of the production process for it is he who puts the goods in the hands of the actual customers. His work is "to have the right goods in the right place at the right time”.

2.There are four types of retail institutions: 1) specialty stores, 2) supermarkets, 3) general merchandise stores, 4) non-store retailing.

Often speciality stores sell one type of product, such as clothing, jewelry, furniture, books. These stores having a better feeling of their market, they compete against giant department stores. They can adjust more quickly to market conditions.

3.Big supermarkets are usually well located. All the goods are arranged on trays and shelves. All the prices are clearly marked. The goods are readyweighed and beautifully packed. There you can find everything you need. The prices are reasonable.

4.General merchandise stores (GMS) carry a wide variety of products. There are three types of GMS: a) department stores, b) discount stores, c) hypermarkets. Big department stores started in America more than 50 years ago, and then the idea was brought to European countries. These stores are wonderful places. People can do all their shopping under one roof. All the

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things for sale are displayed so that they can be easily seen, and the customers walk, around and choose what they want.

5.The store is divided into departments: women’s clothes, men’s clothes, shoes, toys, sports goods, china and glass etc. There may be a restaurant with an orchestra and sometimes a tea-room as well. You will also find a room where you can rest if you are tired. There’s an office where you can book seats for the theatre or arrange to travel anywhere in the world.

6.Low price is the major attraction of the discount stores. These stores sell the most popular items, colors and sizes. The stores keep long hours and usually open on Sundays. Hypermarket is a type of discount store that was developed in Germany. They are very large stores with low-price and high-turnover products. Hypermarkets achieve cost savings by simplifying their unpacking and display.

7.There are three major types of non-store retailing: a) vending machines

b)door-to-door sales, and c) catalogue sales.

1.What are the types of retail institutions?

2.What are the advantages of specialty stores?

3.What do supermarkets sell?

4.What are the three major types of non-store retailing?

II.Translate paragraphs1, 2, 4 and 6 of the text into Russian/Belarusian. III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1.A marketing program (to design) to appeal to most buyers. 2. Over $5 thousand (to spend) on marketing last month. 3. In the nearest future ecological factors (to include) in the indicators of a company’s performance. 4. The contract (to sign) but the work (not to begin) yet. 5. The project (to discuss) by the Board of Directors now. 6. This advert (to see) by thousands of people every day. 7. The project (not to finish) by the end of the month. 8. Fifty retail outlets (to close) over the last year.

IV. Underline participial and infinitive constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian/Belarusian.

1. The production is expected to increase. 2. The types of non-store retailing are considered to be vending machines, door-to-door sales and catalogue sales. 3. The manufacturer managed to improve the quality, the cost remaining the same. 4. It is important for customers to perceive their prices as competitive.

V. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets in the following conditional sentences.

1. If you (to attend) all the classes, you will pass your exam. 2. If you (to sign) the purchase agreement now, you will get a 5% discount on your next

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purchase 3. We'll have to make some workers redundant, if we (not to get) more orders soon 4. They won’t charge you for the delivering, if you (to order) more than a hundred. 5. If I (to be) you, I would take this course. 6. If you (to take) more exercises you would feel better. 7. He wouldn’t have been a successful businessman if he (not to be) a very good manager. 8. If they (to sign) the contract last month, the goods would have been delivered now.

VI. Underline subordinate clauses in the following sentences, identify their types. Translate the sentences into Russian/Belarusian.

1.According to the statement you sent me last month, there is $200 to pay.

2.When your manager came to see me last August, he told me I would be able to collect the money from my customers. 3. I know he is a good accountant.

4.The book on e-commerce you lent me is really interesting. 5. The supplier who we visited last week provides better quality.

TEST II

I. Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

Wholesaling

1.Wholesalers are the institutions which stand between the manufacturer and the retailer. The wholesaler buys goods in bulk from producers and sells them in small quantities to retailers. In doing so he helps the production process. If you had an intention to be a successful manufacturer, you would make high quality products at a reasonable price for selected markets. If you intended to be a wholesaler, you would learn how to serve the market.

2.Wholesaler economises the distribution. The most important function of a wholesaler is to contact manufacturers and potential customers.

3.Wholesalers are used for information and advice. Suggestions which customers make to the retailer are passed to the wholesaler who conveys them to the manufacturer. Thus the latter can improve his product.

4.The wholesaler keeps stocks. Shoppers like to obtain goods immediately. This requires stocks. Often, however, neither the producer nor the retailer has extensive storage facilities and responsibility falls on the wholesaler.

5.Moreover he arranges imports from abroad. Foreign manufacturers can rarely bother to ship small parcels to individual retailers abroad. They prefer to deal with a wholesaler, an import merchant with established trade connections.

6.Wholesalers may be classified into three groups: manufacturer - owned operations, merchant wholesalers and merchandise agents and brokers. Manufacturers can establish their own wholesaling office or branch, the latter provid-

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ing more services to its customers. Depending on the industry or geographical location merchant wholesalers are called distributors, jobbers, or dealers. Among merchandise agents there are selling agents, brokers, commission agents and action companies. They are all compensated by either a commission or a brokerage fee.

Questions:

1.What is a wholesaler?

2.What role does the wholesaler play in the economy?

3.Would it be better without wholesalers? Explain.

4.What is the most important function of a wholesaler?

II. Translate paragraphs1, 4, 5 of the text into Russian/Belarusian.

III.Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Active or Passive).

1.Considerable efforts (to make) now to solve economic problems. 2. A marketing program (to design) to appeal to most buyers. 3. After all the problems (to solve) the company signed the contract. 4. A new hotel (to build) here by an American company next year. 5. Our research (to carry out) last year, but I still (not to see) the results. 6. The company (to set up) in 2012. 7. Das Kapital (to write) by Karl Marx.

IV. Underline participial and infinitive constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian/Belarusian.

1.Wholesalers are known to reduce the number of contacts between producers and customers. 2. The objective of a market survey is to determine sales volume. 3. Wholesaling performs many functions, contacting product customers and stimulating demand being the most important ones. 4. Doubling of the advertising budget should lead to sales increase. 5. It is important for the country to increase GNP.

V.Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets in the following conditional sentences.

1.If the project (to fall) we’ll lose a lot of money. 2. If you (not to lose) money last year, we would have started a new project. 3. If I (to be) wholesaler,

I would start with arranging contacts between manufacturers and retailers. 4. If you (to put) money in stocks, you would get some profit. 5. If I (to give) you firm orders in advance for one year, would you reduce the price by 10%? 6. If I (to make) a firm order, would you agree to split the transport costs 50-50? 7. If I (to ensure) free maintenance, would you buy a new photocopier from us? 8. If she (not to be) so busy, she would have given you a hand.

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VI. Underline subordinate clauses in the following sentences, identify their types. Translate the sentences into Russian/Belarusian.

1. The majority of small firms concentrate on selling products, although some firms provide service. 2. It was not the first time the competitor tried to overcome them. 3. If you consider sales in credit you should review the advantages of this policy. 4. He said he would arrange the retailing. 5. We need to discuss the candidates who came for the interview this morning. 6. We need a system of rewards which are given to the best employees. 7. Welcome to today’s discussion which is «Women in the work place».

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