Chris_Mi_handout
.pdfKey Advantages of HEV’s
•Optimize the fuel economy
–Optimize the operating point of ICE
–Stop the ICE if not needed (ultra low speed and stops)
–Recover the kinetic energy at braking
–Reduce the size (hp and volume) of ICE
•Reduce emissions
–Minimize the emissions when ICE is optimized in operation
–Stop the ICE when it’s not needed
–Reduced size of ICE means less emissions
Key Advantages of HEVs - continued
•Quiet Operation
–Ultra low noise at low speed because ICE is stopped
–Quiet motor, motor is stopped when vehicle comes to a stop, with engine already stopped
21
Key Advantages of HEVs - continued
•Reduced maintenance because ICE operation is optimized, less hazardous material
–fewer tune ups, longer life cycle of ICE
–fewer spark-plug changes
–fewer oil changes
–fewer fuel filters, antifreeze, radiator flushes or water pumps
–fewer exhaust repairs or muffler changes
Current Status of HEV
22
Global Auto Market Production
80 |
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70 |
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60 |
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50 |
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America |
40 |
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Europe |
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Oceana |
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30 |
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Total |
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20 |
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10 |
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0 |
2009 |
2012 |
2020 |
2020 |
2005 |
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HEV+FCEV |
In millions, source PriceWaterHouseCoopers, www.autofacts.com
Toyota HEV Program
Market Leader
23
Current Hybrid Sales and
Predictions in U. S.
|
Number of Models |
Units Sold |
2004 |
4 |
88,000 |
2005 |
10 |
200,000 |
2006 |
18 |
260,000 |
2010 |
30 |
500,000 |
Source: J. D. Power and Associates
Toyota Hybrid Sales
Best-ever sales month in 48 years of business in the United States with total July sales of 216,417 vehicles, an increase of 12.3 percent (August 05)
|
Prius |
Highlander |
11/2005 |
7,889 |
2,353 |
1-7/2005 |
62,999 |
|
1-7/2004 |
27,103 |
|
07/2005 |
9,691 |
2,564 |
07/2004 |
5,230 |
|
2004 total |
53,991 |
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2003 total |
24,627 |
|
24
Hybrids as Percentage of Total LightDuty Vehicle Sales, July 2005
Automaker |
Hybrid |
Total LDV |
% Hybrid |
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Toyota |
14,157 |
216,417 |
6.7 |
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Honda |
3,773 |
143,217 |
2.6 |
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Ford |
1,138 |
365,410 |
0.3 |
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Hybrids as Percentage of Model Sales
for July 2005
Model |
Hybrids |
Full model |
% hybrids |
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Toyota |
2,564 |
14,223 |
18 |
Highlander |
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Toyota |
2,262 |
9,065 |
25 |
Rx400h |
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Honda Civic |
2,329 |
28,008 |
8.3 |
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Honda |
1,370 |
36,129 |
3.8 |
Accord |
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Ford Escape |
1,138 |
18,245 |
6.2 |
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25
Current Market Models in the US.
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid 4x4, V6, $34,430: 31/27 mpg
(conventional model: $31,580, 18/24 mpg)
•Toyota Prius, 1.5L, $20,975, 60/51 mpg.
•Ford Escape, SUV, 2.3L, 33/29 mpg 4X4, 36/31 mpg 4X2 (Conventional model: 19/22mpg 4X4, 24/29 4X2)
Current Market Models in the US.
Continued …
•Honda Civic Hybrid, 1.3L, MT: $19,900, 46/51 mpg, CVT: $20,900, 48/47 mpg (conventional model, AT, $18,310, 1.7L I4, 31/38)
•Honda Insight, 5-spd MT, $19,330, 1.0L, 60/66 mpg, CVT: $21530, 57/56 mpg
26
Fuel Economy Improvements of
Current Passenger Hybrid Vehicles
Model |
City FE Gain |
Hwy FE Gain |
Note |
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Honda Civic |
66% |
24% |
EPA Cycle |
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Honda Accord |
43% |
23% |
EPA MPG |
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Toyota Prius |
100% |
34% |
Compared w/ Corolla |
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Ford Escape |
80% |
24% |
EPA MPG |
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GM Silverado |
10~15% |
10~15% |
Cycle unknown |
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Fuel Economy of Hybrid Trucks
Model |
FE Gain |
Emissions |
Note |
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Hino Ranger |
20% |
PM 85%; NOX 50%; CO2 17% |
Japan Cycle, |
advertised |
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FedEx W700 |
50% |
PM 93%; NOX 54%; CO 60% |
FedEx Cycle, Dyno |
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UPS P100 |
36% |
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Field test |
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Coke 4400 |
34% |
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Field test |
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HTUF Utility |
35% |
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CILCC Cycle, |
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simulation |
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27
Environmental Impacts of HEVs
•Reduced air pollution including Nitrogen oxides, Carbon monoxide, Unburned hydrocarbons, and Sulfur oxides due to less fuel needed in HEVs
•Reduce global warming effect by burning less fuel and emitting less carbon oxides
•Reduce oil dependence on foreign oil and leave room for the future
Interdisciplinary Nature of HEV
Vehicle |
Energy |
Vehicle |
Dynamics |
Storage |
Design |
Power Electronics |
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Vehicle |
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Modeling |
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& Electric Machines |
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Simulation |
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Emerging |
Control & |
Regenerative |
Technology |
Power Management |
Braking |
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State-of-the-Art-HEV
Toyota Prius
Generator |
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Inverter |
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28 kW PM |
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Inverter |
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Engine: 1.5 L 4-cylinders DOHC
76 HP / 82 lb-ft
Motor: |
DC Brushless |
500 V |
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50 kW / 400 Nm |
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EPA |
1.8L AT |
HEV |
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Gain |
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MPG |
Corolla |
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(%) |
Battery |
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City |
30 |
60 |
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100 |
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202 V NiMH |
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6.5 Ah 21 kW |
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Highway |
38 |
51 |
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34 |
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(Panasonic) |
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Engine |
Planetary |
EM |
Reduction |
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Front |
Note |
Corolla |
1.8L 130 HP 4-speed AT |
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4-cyl. Gas |
Gear set |
50 kW PM |
Gearing |
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Wheels |
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Echo |
1.5L 108 HP 4-speed AT |
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33/39 City/Highway MPG |
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Toyota Sienna
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Engine: |
2.4 L 4-cylinders DOHC |
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131 HP / lb-ft |
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APG: |
1.5 kW 100V |
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Brake: |
Electronic controlled |
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AWD |
HEV |
Gain |
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BL |
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1015 MPG |
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45 |
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1015 Km/l |
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18.6 |
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Engine |
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Planetary |
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Metal-Belt |
Reduction |
Front |
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4-cyl. Gas |
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Gear set |
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CVT |
Gearing |
Wheels |
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UK BL MPG |
24 |
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Generator |
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EPA City |
18 |
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13 kW PM |
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Inverter |
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Battery |
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Inverter |
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216 V NiMH |
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EPA HWY |
24 |
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EM |
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(Panasonic) |
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Inverter |
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3.5 kW PM |
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Note Sienna Engine: |
2.4L 133 ~ 160 HP |
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E Machine |
Reduction |
Rear |
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18 kW PM |
Gearing |
Wheels |
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242 lb-ft |
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Trans: |
5-Speed AT |
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Honda Civic
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Engine: |
1.34L 85 HP (63 kW) /119 Nm |
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Motor: |
PM DC Brushless |
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10 kW / 62 Nm Assist |
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12.6 kW / 108 Nm Regen |
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EPA |
AT |
CVT |
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Gain |
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MPG |
BL |
HEV |
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(%) |
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12V |
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Battery |
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Inverter |
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Starter |
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144 V |
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City |
29 |
48 |
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66 |
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NiMH |
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(Panasonic) |
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Highway |
38 |
47 |
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24 |
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Front |
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Engine |
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EM |
CVT or 5- |
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4-cyl. Gas |
10 kW PM |
Speed MT |
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Wheels |
Note BL |
Engine: |
1.7L 115 HP/110lb-ft |
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Trans: |
4-Speed AT |
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IMA ---- |
Integrated Motor Assist |
http://automobiles.honda.com/models/specifications_full_specs.asp?ModelName=Civic+Hybrid&Category=3
30