Фрейд

mq_gb_f h g_\jhaZo >mfZ_lky qlh `bagv hj]Zgbafh\ ^\b`_lky ij_ju\bkluf l_fihf h^gZ ]jmiiZ i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ mklj_fey_lky \i_j_^ qlh[u \ \hafh`gh djZlqZcrbc kjhd ^hklb]gmlv dhg_qghc p_eb `bagb ^jm]Zy ]jmiiZ gZ ba\_klghf wlZi_ wlh]h imlb mklj_fey_lky gZaZ^ qlh[u gZqbgZy k ba\_klghc lhqdb ijh^_eZlv imlv kgh\Z b l_f kZfuf m^ebgblv _]h ijh^he`bl_evghklv Gh ^Z`_ _keb k_dkmZevghklv b jZagbpZ iheh\ b g_ kms_kl\h\Zeb \ gZqZe_ `bagb lh \k_ `_ hklZ_lky \ha

B \k_ `_ lhevdh bf h^gbf fu fh`_f ijbibkZlv \gmlj_ggxx l_g^_gpbx d ³ijh]j_kkm´b [he__ \ukhdhfm jZa\blbx

fh`ghklv qlh k kZfh]h gZqZeZ klZeb ^_ckl\h\Zlv i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u iha`_ hij_^_e_ggu_ dZd k_dkmZevgu_ b qlh wlb i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u gZqZeb k\h_ ijhlb\h[hjkl\h ijhlb\ b]ju³i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ Y´bf_ggh lh]^Z Z g_ \ [he__ iha^g__

\j_fy <_jg_fky l_i_jv gZaZ^ b kijhkbf g_ ij_^klZ\eyxlky eb \k_ wlb ki_dmeypbb ebr_ggufb hkgh\Zgby" IjZ\^Z eb qlh ihfbfh k_dkmZevguo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ g_ kms_kl\m_l ^jm]bo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ djhf_ dZd \hkklZgZ\eb\Zxsbo ij_`g__ khklhygb_"G_l eb lZdbo dhlhju_ klj_fylky d khklhygbx _s_ gbdh]^Z g_ ^hklb]gmlhfm" < hj]Zgbq_kdhf fbj_ y g_ agZx ^hklh\_jgh]h ijbf_jZ dhlhjuc ijhlb\hj_qbe [u ij_^eh`_gghc gZfb oZjZdl_jbklbd_ Dhg_qgh \ jZklbl_evghf b `b\hlghf fbj_ g_evay mklZgh\blv \k_h[s_]h bgklbgdlZ d [he__ \ukhdhfm jZa\blbx ohly lZdh_ gZijZ\e_gb_ jZa\blby nZdlbq_kdb hklZ_lky g_hkihjbfuf Gh k h^ghc klhjhgu _keb h^gm klmi_gv jZa\blby fu h[ty\ey_f [he__ \ukhdhc q_f ^jm]mx lh wlh qZklh lhevdh \hijhk gZr_c hp_gdb Z k ^jm]hc klhjhgu [bheh]by mdZau\Z_l qlh \ukr__ jZa\blb_ \ h^ghf imgdl_ hq_gv qZklh bkdmiZ_lky beb mjZ\gb\Z_lky j_]j_kkhf \ ^jm]hf Djhf_ lh]h kms_kl\m_l ^hklZlhqgh `b\hlguo \b^h\ jZggb_ khklhygby dhlhjuo ihdZau\Zxl qlh bo jZa\blb_ ijbgyeh kdhj_c j_]j_kkb\guc oZjZdl_j H[Z nZdlhjZ²dZd jZa\blb_ d \ukr_fm lZd b j_]j_kkb\gh_ jZa\blb_ ² fh]ml [ulv j_amevlZlhf \g_rgbo kbe lhedZxsbo d ijbkihkh[e_gbx jhev i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ \ h[hbo kemqZyo fh`_l [ulv h]jZgbq_gZ l_f qlh[u m^_j`Zlv \ugm`^_ggh_ baf_g_gb_ dZd \gmlj_ggbc bklhqgbd gZkeZ`^_gby

Fgh]bf ba gZk ljm^gh [m^_l hldZaZlvky hl ijb\uqghc \_ju qlh \ kZfhf q_eh\_d_ `b\_l bgklbgdl kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby dhlhjuc ijb\_e _]h gZ \ukhlm kh\j_f_gguo ^moh\guo ^hklb`_gbc b wlbq_kdhc km[ebfZpbb

Ba kdZaZggh]h ^he`gh [ulv ykguf qlh gZbf_gh\Zgb_ ³i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u Y´ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_ h[hagZq_gb_ k\yau\Zxs__ky k i_j\hc l_jfbgheh]b_c ikbohZgZebaZ N_j_gqb ^jm]bf iml_f ijbr_e d \hafh`ghklb lZdh]h `_ ihgbfZgby (QWZLFNOXQJVVWXIHQ GHV :LUNWLFKNHLWVVLQQHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH =HQVFKQIW IXU 3VAVKRDQDOAVH , ³ijb ihke_^h\Zl_evghf ijh\_^_gbb wlh]h oh^Z fuke_c gZ^h ijbagZlv l_g^_gpbx khojZg_gby beb ^Z`_ j_]j_kkZ dhlhjZy ]hkih^kl\m_l b \ hj]Zgbq_kdhc `bagb \ lh \j_fy dZd l_g^_gpby d \ukr_fm jZa\blbx ijbkihkh[e_gbx b l ^ h`b\Z_l ebrv dZd j_Zdpby gZ \g_rgb_ jZa^jZ`_gby

b qlh wlhl bgklbgdl ihaZ[hlblky h ^Zevg_cr_f jZa\blbb \ k\_joq_eh\_dZ Gh y g_ \_jx \ lZdhc \gmlj_ggbc bgklbgdl b g_ \b`m imlb dhlhjuc fh] [u kiZklb wlm [eZ]h^_l_evgmx beexabx Fg_ dZ`_lky qlh ij_`gyy bklhjby jZa\blby q_eh\_dZ bf__l lh `_ h[tykg_gb_ qlh b bklhjby `b\hlguo b lh qlh fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv m h]jZgbq_ggh]h dhebq_kl\Z q_eh\_q_kdbo bg^b\b^h\ dZd g_mlhfbfuc ihju\ d ^Zevg_cr_fm kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx [_a ljm^Z h[tykgy_lky dZd ke_^kl\b_ \ul_kg_gby i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ gZ dhlhjhf b ihkljh_gu gZb[hevrb_ p_gghklb q_eh\_q_kdhc dmevlmju <ul_kg_gguc i_j\bqguc ihau\ gbdh]^Z g_ i_j_klZ_l klj_fblvky d k\h_fm iheghfm m^h\e_l\hj_gbx dhlhjh_ khklhyeh [u \ ih\lhj_gbb i_j\bqgh]h hiulZ m^h\e_l\hj_gby \k_ aZf_gu \ujZ[hldb

j_Zdpbc b km[ebfZpbb g_^hklZlhqgu qlh[u mkljZgblv _]h ihklhyggh_ gZijy`_gb_ b ba jZaghklb f_`^m gZc^_gguf b lj_[m_fuf m^h\e_l\hj_gb_f kha^Z_lky ^\b`msbc fhf_gl g_ iha\heyxsbc hklZgh\blvky \ dZdhc [u lh gb [ueh ba kha^Z\rboky kblmZpbc hg ih keh\Zf ihwlZ ³g_h[ma^Zggh klj_fblky \k_ \i_j_^´ F_nbklhn_ev \ ³NZmkl_´ , ,9 Imlv gZaZ^ d iheghfm m^h\e_l\hj_gbx dZd ijZ\beh ij_]jZ`^_g khijhlb\e_gbyfb ih^^_j`b\Zxsbfb \ul_kg_gby b lZdbf h[jZahf g_ hklZ_lky gbq_]h bgh]h dZd ^\b`_gb_ \ ^jm]hf _s_ k\h[h^ghf gZijZ\e_gbb jZa\blby ijZ\^Z [_a i_jki_dlb\u ijhp_kk aZ\_jrblv b ^hklb]gmlv p_eb Ijhp_kku gZ[ex^Z_fu_ ijb h[jZah\Zgbb g_\jhlbq_kdhc nh[bb dhlhjZy \_^v ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc g_ qlh bgh_ dZd ihiuldm [_]kl\Z hl m^h\e_l\hj_gby i_j\bqgh]h ihau\Z ^Zxl gZf h[jZa_p wlh]h dZ`ms_]hky³bgklbgdlZ kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby´ gh h dhlhjhf fu g_ \ khklhygbb kdZaZlv qlh hg ijbkms \k_f q_eh\_q_kdbf bg^b\b^Zf >bgZfbq_kdb_ mkeh\by ^ey g_]h kms_kl\mxl dhg_qgh ih\kx^m gh wdhghfbq_kdb_ h[klhyl_evkl\Z lhevdh \ j_^dbo kemqZyo [eZ]hijbylkl\mxl wlhfm n_ghf_gm

Y ijb[Z\ex ebrv h^gh keh\h h \_jhylbb lh]h qlh klj_fe_gb_ WjhkZ h[t_^bgylv \k_ hj]Zgbq_kdh_ \h \k_ [hevrb_ _^bgkl\Z aZf_gy_l wlhl³bgklbgdl kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby´ dhlhjuc fu ijbagZlv g_ \ kbeZo < kh_^bg_gbb k \ha^_ckl\byfb \ul_kg_gby wlh klj_fe_gb_ h[tykgbeh [u n_ghf_gu ijbibku\Z_fu_³bgklbgdlm kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby´

9,

Ihemq_gguc gZfb j_amevlZl mklZgZ\eb\Zxsbc j_admx ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv f_`^m³i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb Y´b k_dkmZevgufb i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb k\h^y i_j\u_ d klj_fe_gbx d kf_jlb Z \lhju_² d klj_fe_gbx d `bagb \h fgh]bo hlghr_gbyo g_ m^h\e_l\hjbl dhg_qgh b gZk kZfbo >h[Z\bf d wlhfm qlh lhevdh m i_j\uo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\³Y´fu fh]eb mklZgh\blv bo dhgk_j\Zlb\guc beb emqr_ kdZaZlv j_]j_kkb\guc oZjZdl_j khhl\_lkl\mxsbc \ugm`^_gbx ih\lhj_gby GZihfgbf qlh kh]eZkgh gZr_c ]bihl_a_ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u ³Y´ \hagbdeb hl h`b\Zgby g_`b\hc fZl_jbb b klj_fylky \_jgmlvky \ g_`b\h_ : k_dkmZevgu_ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u \hkijhba\h^yl hq_\b^gh ijbfblb\gu_ khklhygby `b\h]h kms_kl\Z gh p_evx d dhlhjhc hgb klj_fylky \k_fb \hafh`gufb kj_^kl\Zfb y\ey_lky kebygb_ ^\mo hij_^_e_gguf h[jZahf ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgguo aZjh^ur_\uo de_lhd ?keb wlh kh_^bg_gb_ g_ hkms_kl\ey_lky lh aZjh^ur_\Zy de_ldZ mfbjZ_l lZd `_ dZd b \k_ hklZevgu_ we_f_glu fgh]hde_lhqgh]h hj]ZgbafZ Lhevdh ijb mkeh\bb kh_^bg_gby bo iheh\Zy nmgdpby kihkh[gZ ijh^eblv `bagv b ijb^Zlv _c \b^bfhklv [_kkf_jlby DZdh_ `_ \Z`gh_ kh[ulb_ oh^Z jZa\blby `b\hc km[klZgpbb ih\lhjy_lky iheh\uf jZafgh`_gb_f beb ij_^r_kl\mxs_c _fm ² dhimeypb_c ^\mo bg^b\b^h\ ba kj_^u h^ghde_lhqguo"GZ wlh m gZk hl\_lZ g_l b ihwlhfm ^ey gZk [ueh [u h[e_]q_gb_f _keb [u \k_ gZr_ ihkljh_gb_ hdZaZehkv hrb[hqguf HliZeZ [u ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ ³Y´ bgklbgdlh\ kf_jlb b k_dkmZevguo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ bgklbgdlh\ `bagb b \f_kl_ k wlbf \ugm`^_gb_ ih\lhj_gby ihl_jyeh [u lh agZq_gb_ dhlhjh_ _fm ijbibku\Z_lky

<_jg_fky ihwlhfm d h^ghfm ba \dexq_gguo gZfb ij_^iheh`_gbc \ h`b^Zgbb qlh fu fh`_f p_ebdhf _]h hijh\_j]gmlv Fu ihkljhbeb ^Zevg_cr__ aZdexq_gb_ gZ ij_^ihkued_ qlh \k_ `b\ms__ ^he`gh mf_j_lv ih \gmlj_ggbf ijbqbgZf <ukdZaZeb fu wlh ij_^iheh`_gb_ klhev [_ki_qgh ihlhfm qlh hgh gZf lZdh\uf g_ dZ`_lky Fu ijb\udeb lZd ^mfZlv gZrb ihwlu ih^^_j`b\Zxl gZk \ wlhf Fu [ulv fh`_l j_rbebkv lZd ^mfZlv ihlhfm qlh \ wlhc \_j_ _klv ml_r_gb_ ?keb m` gZ^h kZfhfm mf_j_lv b ^h wlh]h ihl_jylv ex[bfuo gZfb ex^_c lh m` ijbylg__ ih^qbgblvky g_mfhebfhfm aZdhgm ijbjh^u q_f kemqZcghklb dhlhjhc fh`gh [ueh [u ih`Zemc _s_ ba[_`Zlv Gh

\hafh`gh qlh wlZ \_jZ \h \gmlj_ggxx aZdhghf_jghklv kf_jlb lh`_ lhevdh beexaby dhlhjmx fu kha^Zeb qlh[u ³i_j_g_klb ly]hklv kms_kl\h\Zgby´" WlZ \_jZ \h \kydhf kemqZ_ g_ i_j\hgZqZevgZ lZd dZd ijbfblb\guf gZjh^Zf qm`^Z b^_y ³_kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlb´ hgb hlghkyl dZ`^mx kf_jlv \ bo kj_^_ d \ebygbx \jZ]Z beb aeh]h ^moZ H[jZlbfky ihwlhfm d [bheh]bq_kdbf gZmdZf qlh[u wlm \_jm bkiulZlv

B lml fu m^b\bfky dZd fZeh f_`^m [bheh]Zfb kh]eZkby dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h _kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlb kZfh ihgylb_ kf_jlb m gbo ijhklh jZkl_dZ_lky GZebqb_ ih djZcg_c f_j_ ^ey \ukrbo `b\hlguo hij_^_e_gghc kj_^g_c ijh^he`bl_evghklb `bagb ]h\hjbl dhg_qgh aZ kf_jlv ih \gmlj_ggbf ijbqbgZf gh lh h[klhyl_evkl\h qlh hij_^_e_ggu_ djmigu_ `b\hlgu_ b ]b]Zglkdb_ ^_j_\vy ^hklb]Zxl hq_gv \ukhdh]h b ihdZ g_mklZgh\e_ggh]h \hajZklZ wlh \i_qZle_gb_ hiylv lZdb mijZa^gy_l Kh]eZkgh \_ebdhe_ighc dhgp_ipbb NebkZ \k_ n_ghf_gu `bagb ijhy\e_ggu_ hj]ZgbafZfb ² dhg_qgh b kf_jlv ² k\yaZgu k \uiheg_gb_f hij_^_e_gguo kjhdh\ \ dhlhjuo \ujZ`Z_lky aZ\bkbfhklv ^\mo `b\uo km[klZgpbc ² fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc ² hl kheg_qgh]h ]h^Z H^gZdh gZ[ex^_gb_ dZd e_]dh b \ dZdhf jZaf_j_ \ebygb_ \g_rg_c kj_^u fh`_l baf_gblv ijhy\e_gby `bagb hkh[_ggh \ jZklbl_evghf fbj_ dZd hgh fh`_l bo mkdhjblv beb aZ^_j`Zlv ijhlb\hj_qbl g_ih^\b`ghc hdZf_g_ehc nhjfme_ NebkZ b ih djZcg_c f_j_ aZklZ\ey_l khfg_\Zlvky \ Z[khexlghf ]hkih^kl\_ mklZgh\e_gguo bf aZdhgh\GZb[hevrbc bgl_j_k \uau\Z_l m gZk ljZdlh\dZ l_fu ijh^he`bl_evghklb `bagb b l_fu kf_jlb hj]Zgbafh\ \ jZ[hlZo : <_ckfZgZ D wlhfm bkke_^h\Zgbx \hkoh^bl jZaebqb_ \ `b\hc km[klZgpbb __ kf_jlghc b [_kkf_jlghc iheh\bgu kf_jlgZy iheh\bgZ _klv l_eh \ [he__ madhf kfuke_ keh\Z ² khfZ² hgZ h^gZ ih^\_j`_gZ aZdhgm _kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlb aZjh^ur_\u_ `_ de_ldb ihl_gpbZevgh [_kkf_jlgu ihklhevdm ihkdhevdm ijb ba\_klguo [eZ]hijbylguo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo hgb kihkh[

³8EHU GLH 'DXHU GHV /HEHQV´ ³8EHU /HEHQ XQG 7RG´ ³'DV.HXQSODVPD´

b ^j

gu jZa\blvky \ gh\uc bg^b\b^ beb \ujZ`Zykv bgZq_ hdjm`blv k_[y gh\hc khfhc

GZk ihjZ`Z_l a^_kv g_h`b^ZggZy ZgZeh]by k gZrbf kh[kl\_gguf ihgbfZgb_f jZa\b\Z\rbfky klhev hlebqguf h[jZahf <_ckfZg jZkkfZljb\Zxsbc `b\mx km[klZgpbx fhjnheh]bq_kdb \b^bl \ g_c ^\_ khklZ\gu_ qZklb khfm dhlhjhc km`^_gh mfbjZlv bgufb keh\Zfb ² l_eh g_aZ\bkbfh hl _]h iheh\h]h b gZke_^kl\_ggh]h fZl_jbZeZ b ^jm]mx qZklv ² [_kkf_jlgmx bf_ggh wlm aZjh^ur_\mx ieZafm dhlhjZy kem`bl p_eyf khojZg_gby \b^Z _]h jZafgh`_gby >ey gZk hlijZ\ghc lhqdhc [ueZ g_ `b\Zy fZl_jby Z ^_ckl\mxsb_ \ g_c kbeu b fu ijbagZeb ^\Z \b^Z i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ ² h^gb \_^msb_ `bagv d kf_jlb b ^jm]b_ k_dkmZevgu_ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u kgh\Z b kgh\Z klj_fysb_ky d h[gh\e_gbx `bagb b wlh]h ^hklb]Zxsb_ WlZ l_hjby a\mqbl ^bgZfbq_kdbf aZ\_jr_gb_f fhjnheh]bq_kdhc l_hjbb <_ckfZgZ

Gh wlZ \b^bfhklv agZqbl_evghc kh]eZkh\Zgghklb lhlqZk bkq_aZ_l _keb fu jZkkfhljbf ^Zggh_ <_ckfZghf hij_^_e_gb_ ijh[e_fu kf_jlb B[h <_ckfZg ijbagZ_l jZa^_e_gb_ gZ kf_jlgmx khfm b [_kkf_jlgmx aZjh^ur_\mx ieZafm ebrv ^ey fgh]hde_lhqguo hj]Zgbafh\ m h^ghde_lhqguo²bg^b\b^ b ijh^he`ZxsZy jh^ de_ldZ y\eyxlky _s_ h^gbf b l_f `_ Hg lZdbf h[jZahf h[ty\ey_l h^ghde_lhqguo ihl_gpbZevgh [_kkf_jlgufb kf_jlv gZklmiZ_l lhevdh m f_lZah_\ fgh]hde_lhqguo WlZ kf_jlv \ukrbo `b\uo kms_kl\ y\ey_lky jZamf__lky _kl_kl\_gghc b gZklmiZ_l hl \gmlj_ggbo ijbqbg gh hkgh\ZgZ wlZ kf_jlv g_ gZ i_j\hgZqZevghf k\hckl\_ `b\hc km[klZgpbb b g_ fh`_l [ulv \hkijbgylZ dZd Z[khexlgZy g_h[oh^bfhklv aZeh`_ggZy \ kZfhc kmsghklb `bagb Kf_jlv _klv kdhj__ mklZgh\e_gb_ p_e_khh[jZaghklb y\e_gb_

ijbkihkh[e_gby d \g_rgbf mkeh\byf `bagb lZd dZd ihke_ jZa^_e_gby de_lhd hj]ZgbafZ gZ khfm b aZjh^ur_\mx ieZafm g_h]jZgbq_ggZy ijh^he`bl_evghklv `bagb bg^b\b^Z klZeZ [u kh\_jr_ggh g_p_e_khh[jZaghc jhkdhrvx K \hagbdgh\_gb_f m fgh]hde_lhqguo wlhc ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb kf_jlv klZeZ \hafh`ghc

³8EHU /HEHQ XQG 7RG´'DXHU GHV /HEHQV 6/HEHQ XQG 7RG$XI/ 6'DXHU GHV /HEHQV 6

b p_e_khh[jZaghc K l_o ihj khfZ \ukrbo `b\uo kms_kl\ d hij_^_e_gguf kjhdZf ih \gmlj_ggbf ijbqbgZf hlfbjZ_l \ lh \j_fy dZd h^ghde_lhqgu_ ijhlbklu hklZxlky [_kkf_jlgufb JZafgh`_gb_ gZijhlb\ lh]h \hagbdeh g_ kh kf_jlvx hgh kdhj__ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc lZdh_ `_ i_j\bqgh_ dZq_kl\h `b\hc fZl_jbb dZd b jhkl hl dhlhjh]h hgh ijhbahreh b `bagv k kZfh]h __ gZqZeZ gZ a_fe_ hklZ\ZeZkv g_ij_ju\ghc

E_]dh m[_^blvky qlh ijbagZgb_f ^ey \ukrbo hj]Zgbafh\ _kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlb gZr_fm ^_em fZeh ihfh]Z_l ?keb kf_jlv _klv iha^g__ ijbh[j_l_gb_ `b\uo kms_kl\ lh g_ fh`_l [ulv \hijhkZ h i_j\bqguo ihau\Zo kf_jlb \hkoh^ysbo d gZqZem `bagb gZ a_fe_ Fgh]hde_lhqgu_ fh`_l [ulv mfbjZxl hl ijbqbg \gmlj_ggbo hl g_^hklZldh\ k\h_c ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb beb hl g_kh\_jr_gkl\ k\h_]h h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ gh k lhqdb aj_gby gZr_c ijh[e_fu \hijhk wlhl g_bgl_j_k_g LZdh_ ihgbfZgb_ kf_jlb b __ ijhbkoh`^_gby dhg_qgh ijb\uqghfm fure_gbx ]hjZa^h [eb`_ q_f kljZggh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_ h ³i_j\bqguo ihau\Zo kf_jlb´

>bkdmkkby dhlhjZy ihke_^h\ZeZ aZ ]bihl_aZfb <_ckfZgZ k fh_c lhqdb aj_gby gb \ dZdhf gZijZ\e_gbb gbq_]h j_rZxs_]h g_ ^ZeZ Fgh]b_ Z\lhju \_jgmebkv d lhqd_ aj_gby =_ll_ ] dhlhjuc \b^_e \ kf_jlb ijyfh_ ke_^kl\b_ jZafgh`_gby >ey =ZjlfZgZ kf_jlv g_ oZjZdl_jgZ ihy\e_gb_f ³ljmiZ´ l _ hlf_jr_c qZklb `b\hc km[klZgpbb² hg hij_^_ey_l __ dZd ³hdhgqZgb_ bg^b\b^mZevgh]h jZa\blby´ < wlhf kfuke_ kf_jlgu b ijhlhahb lZd dZd kf_jlv m gbo \k_]^Z kh\iZ^Z_l k jZafgh`_gb_f gh m gbo kf_jlv \ ba\_klghc kl_i_gb wlbf jZafgh`_gb_f aZ\mZebjh\ZgZ ihlhfm qlh \ky km[klZgpby `b\hlgh]h jh^bl_ey fh`_l [ulv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh i_j_g_k_gZ \ fheh^uo bg^b\b^h\ ^_l_c

<kdhj_ ihke_ wlh]h bkke_^h\Zgb_ khkj_^hlhqbehkv gZ lhf qlh[u wdki_jbf_glZevguf iml_f ih^\_j]gmlv bkiulZgbx wlh ij_^iheZ]Z_fh_ [_kkf_jlb_ `b\hc km[klZgpbb h^ghde_lhqguo :f_jbdZg_p <m^jZnn wdki_jbf_glbjmy k j_kgbqghc bgnmahjb_c³lmn_evdhc´dhlhjZy jZafgh`Z_lky ^_e_gb_f gZ ^\Z bg^b\b^Z ^h\_e

8EHU /HEHQ XQG 7RG 6FKOXVV

Kj FZo +DUWPDQQ ³7RG XQG )RUWSIODQ]XQJ´ $OH[ /LSVFKX]W ³:DUXP ZLU VWHUEHQ´ .RVPRVEXFKHU )UDQ] 'RIOHLQ 'DV 3UREOHP GHV 7RGHV XQG GHU 8QVWHUEOLFKNHLW EHL GHQ 3IODQ]HQ XQG 7LHUHQ

k\hb hiulu ^h ]h ihdhe_gby gZ wlhf hg aZdhgqbe hiulu ijbq_f ijb dZ`^hf hiul_ hg bahebjh\Ze h^gm ba hl^_eb\rboky qZklbp b ihf_sZe __ \ k\_`mx \h^m Wlhl iha^gbc hlijukd i_j\hc lmn_evdb [ue lZd `_ k\_` dZd _]h ijZjh^bl_evgbpZ b g_ h[gZjm`b\Ze gbdZdbo ijbagZdh\ klZj_gby beb ^_]_g_jZpbb Wlbf kZfuf _keb kqblZlv lZdb_ dhebq_kl\Z ^hdZaZl_evgufb [_kkf_jlb_ h^ghde_lhqguo dZaZehkv wdki_jbf_glZevgh ih^l\_j`^_gguf

>jm]b_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb ijbreb d bguf j_amevlZlZf < iheghf ijhlb\hj_qbb k aZdexq_gbyfb <m^jZnnZ FhiZ DZedbgk b ^jm]b_ gZreb qlh b wlb bgnmahjbb _keb g_l ijblhdZ ba\_klguo hk\_`Zxsbo \ebygbc ihke_ ba\_klgh]h qbkeZ ^_e_gbc keZ[_xl mf_gvrZxlky \ jZaf_j_ l_jyxl g_dhlhjmx qZklv k\h_c hj]ZgbaZpbb b gZdhg_p mfbjZxl

Kh]eZkgh wlhfm ijhlhahb ke_^h\Zl_evgh ihke_ nZau klZjq_kdh]h jZkiZ^Z mfbjZxl kh\_jr_ggh lZd dZd b \ukrb_ `b\hlgu_ qlh kbevgh ijhlb\hj_qbl ml\_j`^_gbyf <_ckfZgZ dhlhjuc ijbagZ_l kf_jlv iha^g_crbf ijbh[j_l_gb_f `b\uo hj]Zgbafh\

Ba \aZbfghc k\yab wlbo bkke_^h\Zgbc fu \u^_ey_f ^\Z nZdlhjZ dhlhju_ dZd dZ`_lky klZ\yl gZk gZ l\_j^mx ihq\m <h i_j\uo _keb bgnmahjbb \ fhf_gl dh]^Z hgb _s_ g_ \udZau\Zxl klZjq_kdbo baf_g_gbc kihkh[gu keblvky f_`^m kh[hc ² ³dhimebjh\Zlv´ ² ihke_ q_]h hgb q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy hiylv jZkoh^ylky lh hgb kiZk_gu hl ihklZj_gby hgb ³hfheh^bebkv´ WlZ dhimeypby y\ey_lky \_jhylgh ij_^r_kl\_ggbdhf iheh\h]h jZafgh`_gby \ukrbo kms_kl\ hgZ _s_ g_ bf__l gbq_]h h[s_]h k m\_ebq_gb_f qbkeZ b h]jZgbqb\Z_lky kf_r_gb_f km[klZgpbc h[hbo bg^b\b^h\$PSKLPL[LV<_ckfZgZ H^gZdh hk\_`Zxs__ \ebygb_ dhimeypbb fh`_l [ulv aZf_g_gh hij_^_e_ggufb kj_^kl\Zfb jZa^jZ`_gby baf_g_gbyfb \ khklZ\_ iblZxs_c `b^dhklb ih\ur_gb_f l_fi_jZlmju beb \kljykdhc <kihfgbf agZf_gbluc hiul E_[Z dhlhjuc ba\_klgufb obfbq_kdbfb jZa^jZ`_gbyfb \uau\Ze \ ycpZo fhjkdh]h _`Z ijhp_kku ^_e_gby h[uqgh gZ[ex^Z_fu_ ihke_ hieh^hl\hj_gby

<h \lhjuo ih \b^bfhfm \hafh`gh qlh bgnmahjbc

>ey wlh]h b ^Zevg_cr_]h kj /LSVFKXW] klj b

\_^_l d _kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlb bo kh[kl\_gguc `bag_gguc ijhp_kk lZd dZd ijhlb\hj_qb_ f_`^m j_amevlZlZfb <m^jZnnZ b ^jm]bo bkke_^h\Zl_e_c ijhbkoh^bl hllh]h qlh <m^jZnn ihf_sZe dZ`^h_ gh\h_ ihdhe_gb_ \ k\_`mx iblZxsmx `b^dhklv Dh]^Z hg wlh]h g_ ^_eZe gZ[ex^Zebkv l_ `_ klZjq_kdb_ baf_g_gby ihdhe_gbc dZd b m ^jm]bo gZ[ex^Zl_e_c Hg ijbr_e d aZdexq_gbx qlh bgnmahjbyf \j_^yl ijh^mdlu h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ dhlhju_ hgb hl^Zxl \ hdjm`Zxsmx bo `b^dhklv b kfh] aZl_f m[_^bl_evgh ^hdZaZlv qlh lhevdh ijh^mdlu kh[kl\_ggh]h h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ bf_xl lZdh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ \_^ms__ d kf_jlb ihdhe_gby B l_ `_ kms_kl\Z dhlhju_ h[yaZl_evgh ih]b[Zeb [m^mqb kdhie_ggufb \ kh[kl\_gghc iblZl_evghc `b^dhklb ij_djZkgh jZa\b\Zebkv \ jZkl\hj_ i_j_gZkus_gghf ijh^mdlZfb hloh^Z hl^Ze_ggh jh^kl\_ggh]h \b^Z lZdbf h[jZahf _keb bgnmahjby ij_^klZ\e_gZ kZfhc k_[_ lh hgZ ih]b[Z_l _kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlvx hl g_kh\_jr_gkl\Z m^Ze_gby ijh^mdlh\ kh[kl\_ggh]h h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ gh fh`_l [ulv b \ukrb_ `b\hlgu_ ih]b[Zxl \ kmsghklb hl lhc `_ g_kihkh[ghklb

M gZk fh`_l \hagbdgmlv khfg_gb_ p_e_khh[jZagh eb \hh[s_ [ueh bkdZlv j_r_gby \hijhkZ h _kl_kl\_gghc kf_jlb \ bamq_gbb ijhlhah_\ <hafh`gh qlh ijbfblb\gZy hj]ZgbaZpby wlbo `b\uo kms_kl\ kdju\Z_l hl gZk \Z`gu_ mkeh\by dhlhju_ gZ[ex^Zxlky b m gbo gh ih gZklhys_fm fh]ml [ulv jZkihagZgu lhevdh m \ukrbo `b\hlguo ]^_ hgb ijbh[j_eb fhjnheh]bq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ HklZ\b\ fhjnheh]bq_kdmx lhqdm aj_gby qlh[u aZgylv ^bgZfbq_kdmx gZf \hh[s_ [m^_l [_ajZaebqgh ^hdZam_fZ eb _kl_kl\_ggZy kf_jlv ijhlhah_\ beb g_l M gbo km[klZgpby ijbagZggZy iha`_ [_kkf_jlghc _s_ gb \ dh_c f_j_ g_ hl^_ebeZkv hl kf_jlghc Kbeu i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ dhlhju_ ohlyl i_j_\_klb `bagv \ kf_jlv fh]eb [u b m gbo ^_ckl\h\Zlv k kZfh]h gZqZeZ b \k_ `_ io wnn_dl fh] [ulv gZklhevdh kdjul wnn_dlhf kbe `bag_ml\_j`^Zxsbo qlh ijyfh_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\h bo gZebqby klZgh\blky aZljm^gbl_evguf Fu ijZ\^Z keurZeb qlh gZ[ex^_gby [bheh]h\ jZaj_rZxl gZf ij_^iheh`_gb_ h lZdbo \_^msbo d kf_jlb \gmlj_ggbo ijhp_kkZo b \ hlghr_gbb h^ghde_lhqguo Gh ^Z`_ \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb \ kfuke_ <_ckfZgZ ijhlbklu b [_kkf_jlgu lh _]h ml\_j`^_gb_ qlh kf_jlv y\ey_lky iha^gbf ijbh[j_l_gb_f agZqbfh ebrv ^ey y\gh fZgbn_klbjh\Zgghc kf_jlb b g_ bkdexqZ_l ij_^iheh`_gby h lhedZxsbo d g_c ijhp_kkZo GZrb h`b^Zgby qlh [bheh]by gZqbklh hldehgbl ijbagZgb_ i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ kf_jlb g_ hijZ\^Zebkv Fu b ^Zevr_ fh`_f aZgbfZlvky fukeyfb h \hafh`ghklb bo kms_kl\h\Zgby _keb m gZk [m^ml ^ey

wlh]h hkgh\Zgby Gh ihjZabl_evgh_ koh^kl\h ^_e_gby <_ckfZgZ gZ khfm b aZjh^ur_\mx ieZafm k gZrbf ^_e_gb_f gZ bgklbgdlu kf_jlb i bgklbgdlu `bagb hklZ_lky \ kbe_ b kgh\Z ijbh[j_lZ_l agZq_gb_

HklZgh\bfky \djZlp_ gZ wlhf kljh]h ^mZebklbq_kdhf ihgbfZgbb i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ Kh]eZkgh l_hjbb W =_jbg]Z h ijhp_kkZo ijhbkoh^ysbo \ `b\hc km[klZgpbb \ wlhc km[klZgpbb g_ij_ju\gh gZ[ex^Zxlky ^\Z ijhp_kkZ ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h gZijZ\e_gby ² h^bg dhgkljmdlb\guc wkkbfbebjmo\^bc b ^jm]hc ² jZajmrZxsbc ^bkkbfbebjmxsbc Fh`_l [ulv fu hkf_ebfky ijbagZlv \ wlbo ^\mo gZijZ\e_gbyo `bag_gguo ijhp_kkh\ ^_yl_evghklv gZrbo h[hbo \b^h\ i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ ² bgklbgdlh\ `bagb b bgklbgdlh\ kf_jlb" Gh _klv qlh lh q_]h gZf g_ mlZblv fu g_qZyggh aZreb \ h[eZklv nbehkhnbb Rhi_g]ZmwjZ ^ey dhlhjh]h \_^v kf_jlv y\ey_lky ³ih^ebgguf j_amevlZlhf´b lZdbf h[jZahf b p_evx `bagb Z k_dkmZevguc bgklbgdl² \hiehs_gb_f \heb d `bagb

K^_eZ_f kf_euc rZ] \i_j_^ Ih h[s_ijbgylhfm fg_gbx kh_^bg_gb_ fgh]bo de_lhd \ h^bg `bag_gguc ma_e ² \ fgh]hde_lhqghklv hj]Zgbafh\ ² klZeh kj_^kl\hf ^ey ijh^e_gby `bagb H^gZ de_ldZ kihkh[kl\m_l khojZg_gbx `bagb ^jm]hc de_ldb b de_lhqgh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h fh`_l ijh^he`Zlv k\hx `bagv ^Z`_ _keb hl^_evgu_ de_ldb ^he`gu hlf_j_lv Fu m`_ keurZeb qlh b dhimeypby \j_f_ggh_ kebygb_ ^\mo h^ghde_lhqguo ^_ckl\m_l gZ h[hbo hfheZ`b\Zxsbf b h`b\eyxsbf h[jZahf < wlhf kemqZ_ fh`gh [ueh [u ihiulZlvky i_j_g_klb mklZgh\e_ggmx ikbohZgZebahf l_hjbx eb[b^h gZ hlghr_gb_ de_lhd f_`^m kh[hc b k_[_ ij_^klZ\blv qlh `bag_ggu_ beb k_dkmZevgu_ bgklbgdlu ^_ckl\mxsb_ \ dZ`^hc de_ld_ ^_eZxl k\hbf h[t_dlhf ^jm]b_ de_ldb qZklbqgh g_cljZebamxl bo bgklbgdlu kf_jlb l _ \ua\Zggu_ bfb ijhp_kku b lZdbf h[jZahf khojZgyxl bo `bagv \ lh \j_fy dZd ^jm]b_ de_ldb bf wlh ij_^h

³8EHU GLH DQVFKHLQHQGH $EVLFKWOLFKNHLW LP 6FKLFNVDOH GDV (LQ]HOQHQ *URVVKHU]RJ :LOKHOP (PVW$XVJDEH %G ,9 6

lZ\eyxl Z _s_ ^jm]b_ de_ldb `_jl\mxl kh[hc ijhba\h^y wlm eb[b^bghagmx nmgdpbx KZfb aZjh^ur_\u_ de_ldb \_eb [u k_[y Z[khexlgh³gZjpbkklbq_kdb´ ²fu ihevam_fky wlbf \ujZ`_gb_f \ mq_gbb h g_\jhaZo dh]^Z p_euc bg^b\b^ khojZgy_l k\h_ eb[b^h \ k_[_ b gbq_]h hl wlh]h eb[b^h g_ hl^Z_l ^ey aZjy^db h[t_dlZ AZjh^ur_\u_ de_ldb gm`^Zxlky \ k\h_f eb[b^h \ ^_yl_evghklb k\hbo `bag_gguo bgklbgdlh\ ^ey kZfbo k_[y qlh[u bf_lv \ gbo aZiZk ^ey ^Zevg_cr_c mkbe_gghc dhgkljmdlb\ghc jZ[hlu Fh`_l [ulv b de_ldb aehdZq_kl\_gguo jZajmrZxsbo hj]Zgbaf h[jZah\Zgbc fh`gh ijbagZlv \ lhf kfuke_ gZjpbkklbq_kdbfb <_^v iZlheh]by ]hlh\Z kqblZlv bo aZjh^urb ijbjh`^_ggufb b ijbagZlv aZ gbfb wf[jbhgZevgu_ dZq_kl\Z LZdbf h[jZahf eb[b^h gZrbo k_dkmZevguo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ kh\iZeh [u k h[t_^bgyxsbf \k_ `b\ms__ Wjhkhf ihwlh\ b nbehkhnh\

Lml fu bf__f ih\h^ ijhke_^blv f_^e_ggh_ jZa\blb_ gZr_c l_hjbb eb[b^h :gZeba g_\jhah\ i_j_g_k_gby aZklZ\be gZk mklZgh\blv ij_`^_ \k_]h ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv f_`^m ³k_dkmZevgufb i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb´ gZijZ\e_ggufb gZ h[t_dl b ^jm]bfb dhlhju_ [ueb gZf _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh ihgylgu b dhlhju_ fu ij_^\Zjbl_evgh gZa\Zeb ³i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb Y´< i_j\mx hq_j_^v kj_^b gbo ke_^h\Zeh ijbagZlv i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u kem`Zsb_ kZfhkhojZg_gbx bg^b\b^Z DZdb_ ^jm]b_ jZaebqby ke_^h\Zeh lZf ^_eZlv² [ueh g_ba\_klgh GbdZdh_ ^jm]h_ agZq_gb_ g_ [ueh [u lZd \Z`gh ^ey h[hkgh\Zgby \_jghc ikboheh]bb dZd ijb[ebabl_evgh_ ijhgbdgh\_gb_ \ h[smx ijbjh^m b \hafh`gu_ hkh[_gghklb i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ Gb \ h^ghc h[eZklb ikboheh]bb fu g_ [jh^bf gZm]Z^ \ lZdhc kl_i_gb dZd bf_ggh a^_kv DZ`^uc mklZgZ\eb\Ze klhevdh bgklbgdlh\ beb³hkgh\guo bgklbgdlh\´kdhevdh _fm [ueh m]h^gh b jZkihjy`Zeky bfb

dZd ^j_\gb_ ]j_q_kdb_ gZlmjnbehkhnu k\hbfb q_lujvfy we_f_glZfb \h^hc a_fe_c h]g_f b \ha^mohf IkbohZgZeba dhlhjuc g_ fh] h[hclbkv [_a dZdh]h gb[m^v ij_^iheh`_gby hlghkbl_evgh i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ ijb^_j`b\Zeky \gZqZe_ ihimeyjgh]h ^_e_gby h[jZaphf dhlhjh]h y\ey_lky³=heh^ b Ex[h\v´Wlh ih djZcg_c f_j_ g_ [ueh gh\uf Zdlhf ijhba\heZ Wlh agZqbl_evgh ihfh]Zeh \ ikbohZgZeba_ g_\jhah\ Ihgylb_ ³k_dkmZevghklb´ ²b \f_kl_ k wlbf ihgylb_ k_dkmZevgh]h i_j\bqgh]h ihau\Z ih^e_`Zeh dhg_qgh jZkrbj_gbx ihdZ hgh g_ \dexqbeh fgh]h_ qlh g_ mdeZ^u\Zehkv \ nmgdpbx jZafgh`_gby wlh \ua\Zeh g_fZeh rmfZ \ kljh]hf agZlghf beb ijhklh ebp_f_jghf

k\_l_ Ke_^mxsbc rZ] [ue k^_eZg dh]^Z ikbohZgZeba kfh] ijb[ebablvky d ikboheh]bq_kdhfm ³Y´ dhlhjh_ kgZqZeZ klZeh agZdhfh _fm ebrv dZd \ul_kgyxsZy p_gamjbjmxsZy bgklZgpby kihkh[gZy d aZsblguf ihkljh_gbyf h[jZah\Zgbx j_Zdpbc IjZ\^Z djblbq_kdb_ b ^jm]b_ ^Zevgh\b^gu_ mfu ^Z\gh m`_ ijhl_klh\Zeb ijhlb\ h]jZgbq_gby ihgylby eb[b^h dZd wg_j]bb k_dkmZevguo bgklbgdlh\ gZijZ\e_gguo gZ h[t_dl Gh hgb aZ[ueb h[tykgblv hldm^Z m gbo y\behkv wlh emqr__ ihgbfZgb_ b g_ kmf_eb \u\_klb ba k\h_c l_hjbb q_]h eb[h ijb]h^gh]h ^ey ikbohZgZebaZ Ijb ^Zevg_cr_f [he__ hkfhljbl_evghf ijh^\b`_gbb \i_j_^ ikbohZgZeblbq_kdh_ gZ[ex^_gb_ ih^f_lbeh dZd j_]meyjgh eb[b^h hloh^bl hl h[t_dlZ b gZijZ\ey_lky gZ³Y´bgljh\_jkby b bamqZy jZa\blb_ eb[b^h j_[_gdZ \ jZggbo nZaZo wlh]h eb[b^h ikbohZgZeba ijbr_e d aZdexq_gbx qlh ³Y´ y\ey_lky bklbgguf b i_j\hgZqZevguf j_a_j\mZjhf eb[b^h b lhevdh hl g_]h bkoh^bl gZ h[t_dl ³Y´ [ueh ijbqbke_gh d k_dkmZevguf h[t_dlZf b ijblhf [ueh h[ty\e_gh kZfuf \Z`guf ba gbo ?keb eb[b^h lZdbf h[jZahf ij_[u\Zeh \ ³Y´ lh eb[b^h gZau\Zehkv gZjpbkklbq_kdbf Wlh gZjpbkklbq_kdh_ eb[b^h [ueh dhg_qgh b ijhy\e_gb_f kbe k_dkmZevguo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ \ ikbohZgZeblbq_kdhf kfuke_ bo ijbrehkv b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv k ³i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb kZfhkhojZg_gby´ ijbagZggufb m`_ k kZfh]h gZqZeZ LZdbf h[jZahf i_j\hgZqZevgZy ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv f_`^m bgklbgdlZfb ³Y´ b k_dkmZevgufb bgklbgdlZfb klZeZ g_^hklZlhqghc QZklv bgklbgdlh\³Y´[ueZ ijbagZgZ eb[b^bghaghc \ ³Y´ ²\_jhylgh gZjy^m k ^jm]bfb²^_ckl\h\Zeb b k_dkmZevgu_ bgklbgdlu gh fu \k_ `_ \ijZ\_ kdZaZlv qlh klZjZy nhjfmebjh\dZ ml\_j`^ZxsZy qlh ikbohg_\jha hkgh\Zg gZ dhgnebdl_ f_`^m bgklbgdlZfb ³Y´ b k_dkmZevgufb bgklbgdlZfb g_ kh^_j`bl iheh`_gbc dhlhju_ fh]eb [u [ulv l_i_jv hl\_j]gmlu JZagbpZ f_`^m h[hbfb \b^Zfb i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ dhlhjZy ihgbfZeZkv \gZqZe_ [he__ beb f_g__ dZq_kl\_ggh ^he`gZ hij_^_eylvky l_i_jv bgZq_ Z bf_ggh lhibq_kdb Hkh

=XU (LQIXKUXQJ GHV 1DU]LVVPXV-DKUEXFK GHU 3V\KRDQDO\VH 9, *HV :HUNH %G ;

[_ggh wlh dZkZ_lky g_\jhaZ i_j_g_k_gby ² ]eZ\gh]h h[t_dlZ ikbohZgZeblbq_kdh]h bamq_gby²hg hklZ_lky j_amevlZlhf dhgnebdlZ f_`^m³Y´ b eb[b^bghaghc h[t_dlghc aZjy`_gghklvx

Ke_^m_l ih^q_jdgmlv eb[b^bghaguc oZjZdl_j bgklbgdlh\ kZfhkhojZg_gby bf_ggh l_i_jv dh]^Z fu hl\Z`b\Z_fky gZ ^Zevg_crbc rZ] b ijbagZ_f k_dkmZevguc bgklbgdl Wjhkhf dhlhjuc \k_ h[t_^bgy_l Z gZjpbkklbq_kdh_ eb[b^h ³Y´ \u\h^bf ba qZklbq_d eb[b^h dhlhjufb de_ldb khfu k\yaZgu ^jm] k ^jm]hf Gh l_i_jv \g_aZigh \hagbdZ_l ke_^mxsbc \hijhk _keb bgklbgdlu kZfhkhojZg_gby lZd`_ bf_xl eb[b^bghagmx ijbjh^m lh fh`_l [ulv g_ kms_kl\m_l gbdZdbo ^jm]bo bgklbgdlh\ djhf_ eb[b^bghaguo"Bguo ih djZcg_c f_j_ fu g_ \b^bf Lh]^Z h^gZdh ijboh^blky ijbagZlv ijZ\hlm djblbdh\ dhlhju_ k kZfh]h gZqZeZ ih^haj_\Zeb qlh ikbohZgZeba \k_

h[tykgy_l k_dkmZevghklvx beb `_ gZ^h kh]eZkblvky k gh\ZlhjZfb \jh^_ Xg]Z dhlhju_ \_kvfZ j_rbl_evgh h[ty\eyeb eb[b^h³^\b`ms_c kbehc´\hh[s_ JZa\_ wlh g_ lZd"

< gZrb gZf_j_gby ihemq_gb_ lZdh]h j_amevlZlZ gbdhbf h[jZahf g_ \oh^bl <_^v fu bkoh^beb ba j_adh]h ^_e_gby gZ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u³Y´ ²bgklbgdlu kf_jlb²b gZ k_dkmZevgu_ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u²bgklbgdlu `bagb Fu ]hlh\u [ueb ijbqbkeblv b lZd gZau\Z_fu_ bgklbgdlu kZfhkhojZg_gby d bgklbgdlZf kf_jlb gh fu aZl_f \g_keb ihijZ\dm b hldZaZebkv hl wlhc lhqdb aj_gby GZr_ ihgbfZgb_ k kZfh]h gZqZeZ [ueh ^mZebklbq_kdbf b hgh l_i_jv hklj__ q_f ij_`^_ k l_o ihj dZd fu wlb ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb h[hagZqZ_f g_ dZd i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u³Y´b k_dkmZevgu_ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u Z dZd i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u `bagb b i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u kf_jlb L_hjby eb[b^h ijbgZ^e_`ZsZy Xg]m y\ey_lky gZijhlb\ fhgbklbq_kdhc lh qlh k\hx _^bgkl\_ggmx ^\b`msmx kbem hg gZa\Ze eb[b^h ^he`gh [ueh \ua\Zlv kfms_gb_ gh g_ ^he`gh h^gZdh \ebylv gZ gZr oh^ fuke_c Fu ij_^iheZ]Z_f qlh \ ³Y´ djhf_ eb[b^bghaguo bgklbgdlh\ kZfhkhojZg_gby ^_ckl\mxl _s_ ^jm]b_ bgklbgdlu b fu ohlbf ^h[blvky \hafh`ghklb bo mdZaZlv D kh`Ze_gbx ZgZeba³Y´ lZd fZeh ijh^\bgml qlh hlukdZgb_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\ klZgh\blky aZljm^gbl_evguf Eb[b^bghagu_ bgklbgdlu ³Y´ \_kvfZ \_jhylgh hkh[_gguf h[jZahf kh_^bg_gu k ^jm]bfb bgklbgdlZfb ³Y´ gZf _s_ g_agZdhfufb ?s_ ij_`^_ q_f fu ykgh ihgyeb kmlv gZjpbkkbafZ \ ikbohZgZeba_ m`_ \hagbdeh ij_^iheh`_gb_ qlh ³bgklbgdlu Y´ \dexqZxl \ k_[y eb[b^hghagu_ dhfihg_glu Gh wlh ^h\hevgh g_gZ^_`gu_ \ha fhsghklb b ijhlb\gbdb _^\Z eb bo ijbfml \h \gbfZgb_ AZljm^g_gb_ aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh ^h kbo ihj ikbohZgZeba kfh] ^hdZaZlv ebrv kms_kl\h\Zgb_ eb[b^bghaguo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ Gh \k_ `_ g_ ke_^m_l ^_eZlv \u\h^Z qlh ^jm]bo g_ kms_kl\m_l

Ijb gZklhys_c g_ykghklb mq_gby h i_j\bqguo ihau\Zo gZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky g_ijZ\bevguf hldZau\Zlvky hl dZdhc eb[h gh\hc fukeb h[_sZxs_c gZf h[tykg_gb_ Fu bkoh^beb ba \_ebdhc ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb f_`^m i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb `bagb b i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb kf_jlb KZfZ h[t_dlb\gZy ex[h\v ihdZau\Z_l gZf \lhjmx lZdmx iheyjghklv Z bf_ggh ex[\b g_`ghklb b g_gZ\bklb Z]j_kkbb ?keb [u gZf m^Zehkv ijb\_klb h[_ wlb iheyjghklv \h \aZbfgmx k\yav \u\_klb h^gm ba ^jm]hc Fu \k_]^Z ijbagZ\Zeb \ k_dkmZevghf bgklbgdl_ dhfihg_gl kZ^bafZ Wlhl dhfihg_gl fh`_l dZd fu agZ_f k^_eZlvky kZfhklhyl_evguf b \ \b^_ ba\jZs_gb_ h\eZ^_lv kh\hdmighc k_dkmZevghc mklj_fe_gghklvx ^Zggh]h ebpZ Hg dZd ]hkih^kl\mxsbc bgklbgdl dhfihg_gl ijhy\ey_lky lZd`_ \ h^ghc ba lZd fghx gZau\Z_fuo ³ij_]_gblZevguo hj]ZgbaZpbc´Gh dZd fh`gh ba `bag_ml\_j`^Zxs_]h WjhkZ \u\_klb bgklbgdl kZ^baf" gZijZ\e_gguc gZ ih\j_`^_gb_ h[t_dlZ"G_ ke_^m_l e ij_^iheh`blv qlh wlhl kZ^baf \ kmsghklb y\ey_lky bgklbgdlhf kf_jlb dhlhjuc [m^mqb hll_kg_g hl ©Yª \ebygb_f gZjpbkklbq_kdh]h eb[b^h fh`_l ijhy\blvky lhevdh gZ h[t_dl_" Hg lh]^Z i_j_oh^bl \ k_dkmZevgmx nmgdpbx < hjZevghc hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc klZ^bb eb[b^h ex[h\gh_ h\eZ^_gb_ _s_ kh\iZ^Z_l k mgbqlh`_gb_f h[t_dlZ iha`_ kZ^bklbq_kdbc bgklbgdl \u^_ey_lky hkh[h b gZdhg_p gZ klmi_gb ]_gblZevgh]h ijbfZlZ ijbgbfZ_l gZ k_[y \ p_eyo jZafgh`_gby nmgdpbx lZd h\eZ^_lv k_dkmZevguf h[t_dlhf dZd wlh]h lj_[m_l \uiheg_gb_ iheh\h]h ZdlZ >Z fh`gh [ueh [u kdZaZlv qlh \ul_kg_gguc ba³Y´kZ^baf ihdZaZe imlv eb[b^bghaguf dhfihg_glZf k_dkmZevgh]h bgklbgdlZ iha`_ b hgb mklj_feyxlky d h[t_dlm LZf ]^_ i_j\hgZqZevguc kZ^baf

'UHL$EEDQGOXQJHQ ]XU 6H[XDOLKHRULH ,$XI/ *HV :HUN %G 9

g_ ih^\_j]Z_lky h]jZgbq_gbx beb kebygbx mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky agZdhfZy \ ex[h\ghc `bagb Zf[b\Ze_glghklv ex[h\v²g_gZ\bklv

?keb iha\hebl_evgh k^_eZlv lZdh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_ lh [ueh [u bkiheg_gh lj_[h\Zgb_ ijb\_klb ijbf_j²ohly b kf_s_ggh]h²bgklbgdlZ kf_jlb Ijb[Z\bf qlh wlh ihgbfZgb_ ebr_gh ijZ\^Z \kydhc gZ]ey^ghklb b ijhba\h^bl ihqlb fbklbq_kdh_ \i_qZle_gb_ GZk fh`gh ih^haj_\Zlv \ lhf qlh fu ex[hc p_ghc bkdZeb \uoh^Z ba aZljm^gbl_evgh]h iheh`_gby < lZdhf kemqZ_ fu khre_fky gZ lh qlh lZdh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_ g_ gh\h qlh fu \ukdZau\Zeb _]h m`_ lh]^Z dh]^Z h aZljm^g_gbyo g_ [ueh b j_qb Debgbq_kdb_ gZ[ex^_gby \ k\h_ \j_fy ijb\_eb gZk d aZdexq_gbx qlh fZahobaf qZklbqguc bgklbgdl dhfihg_gl khimlkl\mxsbc kZ^bafm ke_^m_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd kZ^baf h[jZs_gguc gZ kh[kl\_ggh_³Y´H^gZdh ih\hjhl bgklbgdlZ hl h[t_dlZ d ³Y´ ijbgpbibZevgh _klv g_ qlh bgh_ dZd ih\hjhl hl ³Y´ d h[t_dlm wlh h[km`^Z_lky a^_kv dZd gh\uc \hijhk FZahobaf ih\hjhl bgklbgdlZ ijhlb\ kh[kl\_ggh]h ³Y´ \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb [ue [u lh]^Z \ha\jZlhf d h^ghc ba _]h jZggbo nZa j_]j_kkhf < h^ghf imgdl_ ^Zggh_ jZg__ hibkZgb_ fZahobafZ gm`^Z_lky \ bkijZ\e_gbb dZd kebrdhf bkdexqZxs__ fZahobaf qlh y jZgvr_ hkiZjb\Ze fh] [u [ulv b i_j\bqguf

Gh \_jg_fky l_i_jv d `bag_ml\_j`^Zxsbf k_dkmZevguf bgklbgdlZf Bkke_^h\Zgb_ h^ghde_lhqguo ihdZaZeh qlh kebygb_ ^\mo bg^b\b^h\ [_a ihke_^mxs_]h ^_e_gby l _ dhimeypby ihke_ dhlhjhc hgb \kdhj_ hl^_eyxlky ^jm] hl ^jm]Z²bf__l mdj_ieyxs__ b hfheZ`b\Zxs__ ^_ckl\b_ kf Ebirbp < ^Zevg_crbo ihdhe_gbyo hgb g_ \udZau\Zxl ^_]_g_jZlb\guo y\e_

; ³6H[XDOWKHRULH´ $XI ³7ULHEH XQG 7QHEVFKLFNVDOH´ *HV :HUNH %G 9XQG

KZ[bgZ Ribevj_cg \ kh^_j`Zl_evghc b [h]Zlhc fukeyfb jZ[hl_ dhlhjZy fg_ d kh`Ze_gbx g_ \iheg_ ykgZ ij_^\hkoblbeZ agZqbl_evghx qZklv wlhc ki_dmeypbb H^Z gZau\Z_l kZ^bklbq_kdb_ bgklbgdlu³jZajmrbl_evgufb´ 'LH 'HVWUXNWLRQ DOV 8UVDFKH GHV :HUGHQV -DKUEXFK IXU 3V\FKRDQDO\VH ,9 Rl_jd_ klZjZeky bguf iml_f b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv kZfh_ ihgylb_ eb[b^h k [bheh]bq_kdbf ihgylb_f bfimevkZ d kf_jlb \u\_^_gguf l_hj_lbq_kdbf iml_f ,QOHLGPJ E\ GH YHUWDOLQJ YRQ 6 )UHXG 'H VH[XHOH EHVFKDYLQJVPRUDO HWF Kj lZd`_ 5DQN 'HU .XQVWOHU <k_ wlb ^bkdmkkbb dZd ^Zggu_ a^_kv mdZau\Zxl gZ klj_fe_gb_ \ mq_gbb h[ bgklbgdlZo d ykghklb dhlhjZy _s_ g_ gZc^_gZ

gbc b ih \b^bfhfm kihkh[gu ^Zevr_ khijhlb\eylvky \j_^hghkguf \ebygbyf kh[kl\_ggh]h h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ Fg_ ^mfZ_lky qlh wlh h^gh gZ[ex^_gb_ fh`_l kem`blv ij_\hkoh^guf ijbf_jhf lZd`_ b ^ey wnn_dlZ iheh\h]h kh\hdmie_gby Gh dZdbf h[jZahf wlh kebygb_ ^\mo fZeh hlebqguo ^jm] hl ^jm]Z de_lhd kihkh[gh ^Zlv lZdh_ h[gh\e_gb_ `bagb"Wdki_jbf_gl aZf_gyxsbc dhimeypbx ijhlhah_\ ^_ckl\b_f obfbq_kdbo b ^Z`_ f_oZgbq_kdbo jZa^jZ`_gbb iha\hey_l ^Zlv gZf gZ wlhl \hijhk lhqguc hl\_l H[gh\e_gb_ kh\_jrZ_lky \ke_^kl\b_ ijblhdZ gh\uo dhebq_kl\ jZa^jZ`_gby Wlhl hl\_l \ k\hx hq_j_^v ohjhrh kh]eZkm_lky k ij_^iheh`_gb_f qlh `bag_gguc ijhp_kk bg^b\b^Z ih \gmlj_ggbf ijbqbgZf \_^_l d mjZ\g_gbx obfbq_kdbo gZijy`_gbc l _ d kf_jlb b \ lh `_ \j_fy kh_^bg_gb_ k bg^b\b^mZevgh jZaebqghc `b\hc km[klZgpb_c m\_ebqb\Z_l wlb gZijy`_gby \\h^bl lZd kdZaZlv gh\u_ \blZevgu_ jZagh]eZkby dhlhju_ ^he`gu [ulv \ ^Zevg_cr_f ba`blu >ey wlh]h jZaebqby ^he`gu dhg_qgh kms_kl\h\Zlv h^bg beb g_kdhevdh hilbfmfh\ Lh qlh ^hfbgbjmxs_c l_g^_gpb_c ikboheh]bq_kdhc `bagb Z fh`_l [ulv b g_j\ghc `bagb \hh[s_ fu ijbagZeb klj_fe_gb_ d kgb`_gbx d ih^^_j`Zgbx ihklhyggh]h mjh\gy d mgbqlh`_gbx \gmlj_gg_]h gZijy`_gby \ua\Zggh]h jZa^jZ`_gbyfb ijbgpbi gbj\Zgu ² ih \ujZ`_gbx ;Zj[Zju Ehm ² l_g^_gpbx

ihemqZxsmx k\h_ \ujZ`_gb_ \ ijbgpbi_ gZkeZ`^_gby b y\ey_lky ^ey gZk h^gbf ba kbevg_crbo fhlb\h\ qlh[u \_jblv \ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ kf_jlb

H^gZdh oh^ gZrbo fuke_c \k_ _s_ agZqbl_evgh gZjmrZ_lky l_f h[klhyl_evkl\hf qlh fu dZd jZa \ k_dkmZevghf i_j\bqghf ihau\_ g_ fh`_f gZclb oZjZdl_jghc q_jlu \ugm`^_gby ih\lhj_gby qlh \i_j\u_ gZlhedgmeh gZk gZ ihbkdb i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ kf_jlb IjZ\^Z h[eZklv ijhp_kkh\ wf[jbhgZevgh]h jZa\blby qj_a\uqZcgh [h]ZlZ lZdbfb n_ghf_gZfb ih\lhj_gby h[_ aZjh^ur_\u_ de_ldb iheh\h]h jZafgh`_gby b bklhjby bo `bagb y\eyxlky ebrv ih\lhj_gb_f gZqZe hj]Zgbq_kdhc `bagb gh kZfh_ kms_kl\_ggh_ \ ijhp_kkZo \ua\Zgguo k_dkmZevgufb i_j\bqgufb ihau\Zfb _klv \k_ `_ kebygb_ ^\mo de_lhqguo l_e Lhevdh wlh kebygb_ ]ZjZglbjm_l m \ukrbo `b\uo kms_kl\ [_kkf_jlb_ `b\hc km[klZgpbb

Bgufb keh\Zfb fu ^he`gu h[tykgblv \hagbdgh\_gb_ iheh\h]h jZafgh`_gby b k_dkmZevguo i_j\bqguo ihau\h\ \hh[s_ Wlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc aZ^Zqm dhlhjhc g_ ki_pbZebkl mkljZrblky b dhlhjZy ^h kbo ihj g_ fh]eZ [ulv j_r_gZ ^Z`_ bkke_^h\Zl_eyfb ki_pbZebklZfb Ba \k_o wlbo ijhlb\hj_qZsbo ^jm] ^jm]m mdZaZgbc b fg_gbc \u^_ebf ihwlhfm \ kZfhf k`Zlhf \b^_ lh qlh ijbeh`bfh d gZr_fm oh^m fuke_cH^gZ ba wlbo lhq_d aj_gby ebrZ_l ijh[e_fm jZafgh`_gby __ lZbgkl\_gghc ij_e_klb h[ty\eyy jZafgh`_gb_ qZklbqguf y\e_gb_f jhklZ jZafgh`_gb_ ^_e_gb_f imkdZgb_f jhkldh\ ihqdh\Zgb_f <hagbdgh\_gb_ jZafgh`_gby ijb ihfhsb aZjh^ur_\uo de_lhd ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgguo ih iheh\hfm ijbagZdm ih lj_a\hfm fure_gbx >Zj\bgZ fh`gh [ueh [u ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ dZd ij_bfms_kl\h DPSKLPL[LV D dhlhjh_ h^gZ`^u \hagbdeh ijb kemqZcghc dhimeypbb ^\mo h^ghde_lhqguo b aZl_f [ueh m^_j`Zgh b bkihevah\Zgh ijb ^Zevg_cr_f jZa\blbb ³Ihe´ lZdbf h[jZahf g_ hq_gv klZj b qj_a\uqZcgh [mjgu_ i_j\bqgu_ ihau\u klj_fysb_ky hkms_kl\blv iheh\h_ kh\hdmie_gb_ ydh[u ih\lhjyxl ijb wlhf qlh lh qlh dh]^Z lh kemqZcgh ijhbahreh b aZl_f \\b^m ihe_aghklb mdj_ibehkv

<hagbdZ_l lhl `_ \hijhk qlh b \ ijh[e_f_ kf_jlb gm`gh eb ijbagZ\Zlv aZ ijhlbklZfb lhevdh lh qlh hgb hldjulh h[gZjm`b\Zxl b ke_^m_l eb ijbagZ\Zlv qlh kbeu b ijhp_kku klZgh\ysb_ky \b^bfufb ebrv m \ukrbo hj]Zgbafh\ m gbo \i_j\u_ b \hagbdeb Mihfygmlh_ a^_kv ihgbfZgb_ k_dkmZevghklb \ gZr_f kemqZ_ ihfh]Z_l \_kvfZ fZeh GZ wlh ihgbfZgb_ fh`gh \hajZablv qlh hgh ij_^iheZ]Z_l kms_kl\h\Zgb_ `bag_gguo bgklbgdlh\ ^_ckl\mxsbo m`_ \ ijhkl_crbo `b\uo hj]ZgbafZo bgZq_ dhimeypby ijhlb\h^_ckl\mxsZy l_q_gbx `bag_gguo ijhp_kkh\ b aZljm^gyxsZy aZ^Zqm hl`b\Zgby g_ [ueZ [u m^_j`ZgZ b jZajZ[hlZgZ Z ba[_]ZeZkv [u LZdbf h[jZahf _keb fu g_ ohlbf hldZaZlvky hl ij_^iheh`_gby h[ bgklbgdlZo kf_jlb gm`gh ij_`^_ \k_]h ijbkh_^bgblv d gbf bgklbgdlu `bagb Gh gZ^h

<ijhq_f <_ckfZg 'DV .HLPSODVPD hljbpZ_l b wlh ij_bfms_kl\h ³hieh^hl\hj_gb_ hlgx^v g_ hagZqZ_l hfheh`_gby beb h[gh\e_gby `bagb b [_amkeh\gh g_ y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf ^ey ijh^e_gby `bagb hgh g_ qlh bgh_ dZd kj_^kl\h ^_eZxs__ \hafh`guf kf_r_gb_ ^\mo gZke_^kl\_gguo l_g^_gpbc´ J_amevlZlhf lZdh]h kf_s_gby hg \k_ `_ kqblZ_l ih\ur_gb_ jZaghh[jZaby `b\uo kms_kl\

ijbagZlvky qlh wlh [m^_l mjZ\g_gb_f k ^\mfy g_ba\_klgufb GZmdZ lZd fZeh agZ_l h ijhbkoh`^_gbb iheZ qlh wlm ijh[e_fm fh`gh kjZ\gblv k fjZdhf \ dhlhjuc g_ ijhgbdZe ^Z`_ b emq ]bihl_au IjZ\^Z \ kh\k_f ^jm]hc h[eZklb fu \klj_qZ_fky k lZdhc ]bihl_ahc kh klhev h^gZdh nZglZklbq_kdhc ² kdhj__ dhg_qgh fbnhf q_f gZmqguf h[tykg_gb_f² qlh y [u g_ hkf_ebeky ijb\_klb a^_kv __ g_ hl\_qZc hgZ bf_ggh lhfm