All
.pdf" ". F , $ " ! $
! $# $# " $ , #
! , # !
$ .
0 " $ # !,
! " ". B - ! , $
$ !, $ ! $ . . E
$ " $", $ " $" !
" !.
G, $ ",
", 0 1.
+$#$ $ ":
– !;
– $ ! ,
# # ( $ $ -
!).
+ $ . %,
$# , , # "
# ,!!
$# " . - " , !$
# " " . B 0 ? 2-! LZS (Lempel-Ziv stack).
%: ! 15 $# : BBBBLLLLLLAAAAA,. G " , ! 01 04 B 05 06 L 11 05 A. B$ $# : 5
-, 5 L 11
5 G. E " ! ! $ 9 .
B ,!! !. &
, 2,
# " .
E$ ", $
", – , ! , , 0 A (Huffman), . &
$ `-N, !,
!. % " $
( ,
). % # !
, ! $ $
.
F h !! $#$ $:
$ "
;
2
, $
# " ; $ , $
$ $ " $ , " # " ;
$ $ $ , $ $ $ ( , – 1, – 0).
G h !! `-N $ ! " ! " (JPEG, GIF, TIFF .). & $ $ "
" , , $
. . , # – $ . E
81
$ " . 0 $"
$# " !.
% $ " . 0, " $"
$ $, , . .
"/". B $" "
" " !.
P ! $ -" .
$# " " " , "
$ . G , $ , , h !!$ ! .
" "$ ! .
+ ! "$ ,!! ,
2 ! Vc 2$ " ! V0, ":
Kc = (Vc V0 )× 100% .
+ $ , " !. % " ! ! " , ! !
", " 5-40%, !
" $" $ — 60-90%. " !.
3.6 *
3.6.1
F $ , $ !
, , .
- -", , , " , -
", $ ": , " "
" $" : /
/ . , ! 2
$ ,
" ,, ".
F ! " ,
2 ! . 3 8
, 16 – , 32 – . B !
" " .
E ! (1 F = 210 = 1024 103), (1 J =220 = 1048576 106), (1 U = 230 = 1073741824
109).
E : 1 U – , 8 $ , 2-"
! ! MP3, 150 " ! ! 4× 5 , 500000 . -
$ # " $
(1 0 = 240 1012), (1 = 250 1015), , (1 B = 260
1018).
3.6.2 .
A, $# ,> 7 . -
$ $ 28 = 256 $ .
. , " $ $ , – , $ –
.
82
%$ $ 8 $ , 1 127 $
$
$, " + ," = + =9 + ,> " 5 + " : 1 –00000001; 2 – 00000010; ... , 126 – 01111110; 127 – 01111111.
7. ! " + 5 + 7 1 " +" 7 = 7. O
N p
N = an pn + an 1 pn 1 + ... + a1 p1 + a0 p0 .
%, 356 = 3 102+5 101+6 100.
- p $ q.
! $
$" 1:
N = a |
n |
pn + a |
n 1 |
pn 1 + ... + a p1 |
+ a |
0 |
p0 |
= |
|||
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|||
= b qk |
+ b |
qk 1 + ... + b q1 |
+ b q0 |
= |
|
|
|||||
k |
|
k 1 |
|
|
1 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
= (bk q + bk 1 ) + ... + b2 )q + b1 )q + b0 ).
+ $ !$ $ $ , !$
. E N q. & b0 –
. (
. . $
, . M , $
.
* 13. 35 $ $ . 35 |2 1 17 |2
1 8 |2
0 4 |2
02 |2
0 1
0 , 3510 = 1000112
E,
1000112 = 1 × 25+ 0 × 24+ 0 × 23+ 0 × 22+ 1 × 21+ 1 × 20.
$ .
$ $ $ " $ ,
$ $, , $ , 8=23 (
" $ $ $), $ $ !$
0…7 ( . . 3.7).
0 3.7 - " !
- |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
! |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
E |
000 |
001 |
010 |
011 |
100 |
101 |
110 |
111 |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
%, 3510 = 438 = 100 0112 .
J , ,
$ ,
$ ! – $ 2,718281828. % $
1 B
83
" " . - ,
, $ ( !).
7
! , 7 $ $# . $ "
–1. E ,$ $ $ , $ ,
" , , . . 28. $ 255 – $ –1 (
1 256).
B $ $. $ 11111111. -
. & $ , . +$#$ $ " :
1)$ $ $;
2)N- (N=8, 16, 32);
3), $ 0 1, 1 0;
4)$ $ 1 !1 $
.
–1. - $ 1. - 8- $ 00000001. E $ 11111110. E 1 $ 11111111.
0 , 128 " (-1, -2, ... , -127, -128). 0 , –128 127.
G , –32768 = -215
32767 = 215-1, – –2147483648 = -231 2147483647 = 231-1.
& 2 , , ", $"
" " ". %, 0$ 5 "
( . 3.8).
0 3.8 - a " 0$
0 |
% |
E |
M |
|
|
|
$" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shortint |
F |
–128 … 127 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Integer |
a |
–32768 … 32767 |
2 |
|
Longint |
E |
–2× 109 … 2× 109 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Byte |
P |
0 … 255 |
1 |
|
Word |
+ |
0 … 65535 |
2 |
|
8 1 " , 7 " ! #
( ):
x= q × pn ,
q – ;
p – ( =10); n – .
+ , $ $,
0,1 abs(q) < 1.
%, 0,0061234 = 0,61234× 10–2, –576,32 = –0,57632× 103.
- , ! (61234 –57632) ( –2 3)
$ " .
1 0+0=0; 0+1=1; 1+1=10.
84
0 " ( . 3.9).
%, ( ) 4 :
( ) , 8 – "$1, 23 –
$. 0 –3,4× 1038 3,4× 1038.
0 3.9 -# " 0$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
0 |
% |
E |
|
|
( |
M |
||
|
|
|
$" |
|
( |
# " |
|
|
|
|
|
$ ) |
|
|
! |
|
|
Real |
-# |
2,9× 10–39 …1,7× 1038 |
|
12 |
6 |
|
||
Single |
+ |
1,5× 10–45 …3,4× 038 |
|
8 |
4 |
|
||
Double |
+ |
5× 10–324 …1,7× 10308 |
|
16 |
8 |
|
||
Extended |
+ |
|
3,4× 10–4932 …1,2× 104932 |
|
20 |
10 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.6.3 ).
F ! "
, # " : $ , !, , " $" .
- # !
+`G ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange –
!). & 1963 . G $ (ANSI)2. %
8 " , . . 256
" . A$! , $ A. +, $! $, # "
( $ $ $ , " .), " $ "
" # ( 128 – 175, 224 – 241). 0 $ ! U&+03. E
! !$ CONFIG.SYS #
Country=007,866,C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\country.sys.
M 007 – A, 866 – (U&+0 ).
F , $ $ - –
0 255, 5 (CP – Code Page).
N +A-866 3.10. 127
ASCII. % $ $
$ . %, 8 –Backspace, 9 – Tab, 12 – ( $
$), 30 – , 252 - j . . +
, $ $# #
! $ Alt ( $ NumLock!). K
" FAR Manager Total Commander, $# $ $
, , .
0 , , $ ! ,
, $ $ .
0 3.10. N $! ASCII
F |
+ |
F |
+ |
F |
|
|
|
|
|
+
1E $# ! " #, 12810 = 2008. +$ #
".
2% 18 , , $ !
3F A $ # , , KOI-8r, Windows 1251, ISO-8859-5.
85
E |
E |
|
E |
E |
|
E |
E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
00100000 |
|
86 |
01010110 |
V |
140 |
10001100 |
J |
33 |
00100001 |
! |
87 |
01010111 |
W |
141 |
10001101 |
% |
34 |
00100010 |
" |
88 |
01011000 |
X |
142 |
10001110 |
& |
35 |
00100011 |
# |
89 |
01011001 |
Y |
143 |
10001111 |
|
36 |
00100100 |
$ |
90 |
01011010 |
Z |
144 |
10010000 |
A |
37 |
00100101 |
% |
91 |
01011011 |
[ |
145 |
10010001 |
+ |
38 |
00100110 |
& |
92 |
01011100 |
\ |
146 |
10010010 |
0 |
39 |
00100111 |
' |
93 |
01011101 |
] |
147 |
10010011 |
|
40 |
00101000 |
( |
94 |
01011110 |
^ |
148 |
10010100 |
N |
41 |
00101001 |
) |
95 |
01011111 |
_ |
149 |
10010101 |
h |
42 |
00101010 |
* |
96 |
01100000 |
` |
150 |
10010110 |
a |
43 |
00101011 |
+ |
97 |
01100001 |
a |
151 |
10010111 |
( |
44 |
00101100 |
, |
98 |
01100010 |
b |
152 |
10011000 |
` |
45 |
00101101 |
- |
99 |
01100011 |
c |
153 |
10011001 |
¢ |
46 |
00101110 |
. |
100 |
01100100 |
d |
154 |
10011010 |
|
47 |
00101111 |
/ |
101 |
01100101 |
e |
155 |
10011011 |
ž |
48 |
00110000 |
0 |
102 |
01100110 |
f |
156 |
10011100 |
Ÿ |
49 |
00110001 |
1 |
103 |
01100111 |
g |
157 |
10011101 |
B |
50 |
00110010 |
2 |
104 |
01101000 |
h |
158 |
10011110 |
i |
51 |
00110011 |
3 |
105 |
01101001 |
i |
159 |
10011111 |
3 |
52 |
00110100 |
4 |
106 |
01101010 |
j |
160 |
10100000 |
|
53 |
00110101 |
5 |
107 |
01101011 |
k |
161 |
10100001 |
|
54 |
00110110 |
6 |
108 |
01101100 |
l |
162 |
10100010 |
|
55 |
00110111 |
7 |
109 |
01101101 |
m |
163 |
10100011 |
|
56 |
00111000 |
8 |
110 |
01101110 |
n |
164 |
10100100 |
|
57 |
00111001 |
9 |
111 |
01101111 |
o |
165 |
10100101 |
|
58 |
00111010 |
: |
112 |
01110000 |
p |
166 |
10100110 |
|
59 |
00111011 |
; |
113 |
01110001 |
q |
167 |
10100111 |
|
60 |
00111100 |
< |
114 |
01110010 |
r |
168 |
10101000 |
|
61 |
00111101 |
= |
115 |
01110011 |
s |
169 |
10101001 |
|
62 |
00111110 |
> |
116 |
01110100 |
t |
170 |
10101010 |
|
63 |
00111111 |
? |
117 |
01110101 |
u |
171 |
10101011 |
|
64 |
01000000 |
@ |
118 |
01110110 |
v |
172 |
10101100 |
|
65 |
01000001 |
A |
119 |
01110111 |
w |
173 |
10101101 |
|
66 |
01000010 |
B |
120 |
01111000 |
x |
174 |
10101110 |
|
67 |
01000011 |
C |
121 |
01111001 |
y |
175 |
10101111 |
|
68 |
01000100 |
D |
122 |
01111010 |
z |
224 |
11100000 |
|
69 |
01000101 |
E |
123 |
01111011 |
{ |
225 |
11100001 |
|
70 |
01000110 |
F |
124 |
01111100 |
| |
226 |
11100010 |
|
71 |
01000111 |
G |
125 |
01111101 |
} |
227 |
11100011 |
$ |
72 |
01001000 |
H |
126 |
01111110 |
~ |
228 |
11100100 |
! |
73 |
01001001 |
I |
127 |
01111111 |
|
229 |
11100101 |
" |
74 |
01001010 |
J |
128 |
10000000 |
G |
230 |
11100110 |
|
75 |
01001011 |
K |
129 |
10000001 |
P |
231 |
11100111 |
|
76 |
01001100 |
L |
130 |
10000010 |
- |
232 |
11101000 |
|
77 |
01001101 |
M |
131 |
10000011 |
U |
233 |
11101001 |
# |
78 |
01001110 |
N |
132 |
10000100 |
E |
234 |
11101010 |
2 |
79 |
01001111 |
O |
133 |
10000101 |
K |
235 |
11101011 |
|
80 |
01010000 |
P |
134 |
10000110 |
‡ |
236 |
11101100 |
|
81 |
01010001 |
Q |
135 |
10000111 |
M |
237 |
11101101 |
, |
82 |
01010010 |
R |
136 |
10001000 |
. |
238 |
11101110 |
|
86
F |
+ |
F |
+ |
F |
+ |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
E |
E |
E |
E |
E |
E |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 |
01010011 |
S |
137 |
10001001 |
¡ |
239 |
11101111 |
|
84 |
01010100 |
T |
138 |
10001010 |
F |
240 |
11110000 |
• |
85 |
01010101 |
U |
139 |
10001011 |
O |
241 |
11110001 |
e |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
& # ! ,
$ $ ! , # . B
$
" – #.
-1991 $ Unicode Consortium, 2 #$ IT- , $ – Unicode (i). & ! , $ $
. ,
" : $" Unicode
$ !, , $
! , , $ .
i , : $ ,
$ , $ , $ , $ , $ $ , , $, $ , "$ , $ , $ , " (F, 3, F), , ,!$ ,
$ ( , ", ) $ .
+ , :
, !, , , ,$ !.
-i " $" ,
.
i !: UTF-8, UTF-16 UTF-32, $ 8-, 16-, 32-
, .
U ! ! ! " "
Unicode.
3.6.4
( , . . $
. J ! , # #
" , , . F
$ #, $ , , !.
0 #, , $ ,
. E 5" " ".
& !$ f(t) ( #)
( . 3.3 ), !$ $ ,
– $ ( .3.3 ), $ ( .3.3 ). M $
$ $ # $ ,
!$ , ,
(, ). 0 , !$
$ .
( $ , " . B
$ $ 1 7 " ( , 1915 .; F, 1933 ), # F. `
1949 .
87
# " . -
, $ !$ " . $ !$ f(t)
G
f (t) = (a( )cos(2 t) + b( )sin(2 t))d ,
0
f(t) !$ ,
# G, 3 %$.
f(t)
t
A.3.3 - A
|
0 ts |
|
1 |
|
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
2 G |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
p t |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
t |
|
|
|
|
|
t |
|
|
sin |
ts |
- np |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3.10) |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
f(t) = f(nts ) F |
|
F |
|
|
|
p t |
|
|
|||||||||||
|
n=- |
ts |
|
|
|
|
ts |
|
|
- np |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ts |
|
|
$
(0, 2 G ) |
!$ |
sin( ) , $ $ $ |
ts = 1 (2 G ) . |
F , , , |
nts.
E$ , !$ " (nts),
88
1ts $ . ,
!. B $ $ .
$#
$# , . . ! $ $
" , « » ". ,$ " " "
" $# " ,
# " #.
E !$ " "
, $# #.
A. 3.4 - $ :
) " $ ;) ; ) $ !$
+ $
. & « » !$
!$ , !$
. %, , $ ,
, $ , $ $ !$
. % .3.4 , .
$# $" $ ,
$ – .
a$ $ ( $ $ $ )
.
0 , ,, $# !$
. M !$ $$ # " ,
– , ( , ), !
– . - ,$, # – ,
, " ,
( ). ,$ $ $# , – , $#
" # " !$ #.
– , # "
, , " " ,
( ).
89
N , !$ , #
! , $ $ ,
"$ $. ,$ !$
, .
0 , , $ , ,
" $ ( .3.5). B , ,
. ." -! ,
, 16- " $ 216 = 65536.
( , $ $ . -"
$ 20 U, ,$
40…48 U. ! $
8 32. - ! $
$ $ $ , $ 2 $ $ 5-10 .
t
A. 3.5 E !$
* 14. % 2 , ! 16-
44 F $ , $ 5 $ ( ).
+ N, " " $ .
N = (- $ , .) × (( , U) = F $
= 300 × 44000 = 13,2 × 106.
, # L=2 . +, # 2
V = N × L = 13,2 × 106 × 2 = 26,4 × 106 J 25,18 J . 1024 × 1024
! « » «Dolby Digital» $ $, 2 $ $# .
$ " $ , " #
$ , " # .
* 15. %, 2 - ! ! 9× 13
600× 900 dpi 8- .
! ! , . . dpi – dot per inch ( ). 1 ( ) = 2,54 , ,$ $ 9/2,54 = 3,54 ,
– 13/2,54 = 5,12 .
E ( ) ! ! ,
600× 3,54 = 2124, 900× 5,12 = 4606.
+, ! ! $ 3124× 4606 = 14395392 . 1
, $ 2 ", 1048576 – ",
13,73 J.
90