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Activity 5.4
Grammar review
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Modal verbs
Modal verbs are very common in English. Match these functions to the examples: describing ability / possibility, talking about strong obligation and necessity, giving advice, talking about lack of obligation, talking about prohibition.
• ...……………………………………….
Such astronomical amounts of information can be found closer to Earth too.
This makes it possible to do many things that previously could not be done.
• ...…………………………………………...
You don’t have to queue up when you buy your tickets online.
• ................................................................
People should be worried about how we train the next generation.
• ...………………………………………………..
Perhaps the first thing which comes to mind is the quantity of information that must be examined.
We have to determine which information is useful, which is not, and where to look next when necessary.
• .....................................................................
You mustn’t smoke in hospital.
3.Find examples of modal verbs in the text Data, data everywhere and explain their use.
4.Choose the right answer.
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It's a great town. You ........ |
visit it some day. |
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a) could |
b) should |
c) don’t have to |
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2. |
Students ........ |
leave the classroom before the bell rings. |
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a) shouldn’t |
b) must c) can |
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3. |
Tomorrow is Sunday. I ............. |
go to school. |
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a) can’t |
b) must not |
c) don’t have to |
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4. |
It's a secret. You ....... |
tell anyone about it. |
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a) can’t |
b) must not |
c) don’t have to |
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5. |
I ....... give you a lift to the station. My car broke down yesterday. |
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a) could |
b) should not c) can’t |
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6. |
You don't look well. You ....... see a doctor. |
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a) could |
b) should |
c) can |
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7. |
I have no time. I ........ leave now or I’ll miss the bus. |
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a) could |
b) should |
c) must |
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8. |
This new computer programme ....... be very interesting. |
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a) can b) doesn’t have to c) has to
Activity 5.5
Getting the Right Information
at the Right Time
What is information overload? Can you give a definition? How can we solve the problem of information overload?
Read the text and compare it with your ideas.
Information Age is the age of computers, email, cellular phones, and satellite TV. As a result of these new technologies most of us are constantly being bombarded with information and advertising in huge quantities. The act of personally sorting out and processing this attack of information is difficult and disturbing. If we allow this to continue we will become like zombies in a constant state of information overload.
Information overload is the inability to extract needed knowledge from an enormous quantity of information for one of many reasons. Wurman explains that information overload can occur when a person:
•does not understand available information,
•feels overwhelmed by the amount of information to be understood,
•does not know if certain information exists,
•does not know where to find information,
•knows where to find information, but does not have the key to access it.
Culture corner
Richard Saul Wurman
(March 26, 1935) is an architect and graphic designer. He is considered a pioneer in the practice of making information understandable.
To solve the problem of information overload we need to develop new tools to help us cope with it.
In the Internet, there is a wide range of information sources located in many different places. In order to effectively locate the information which is most useful, there are a number of tools and resources that might be useful. To reduce confusion
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when searching for information, a person should know what tools are available and how to use them.
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• How do you usually find the necessary information in |
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Activity 5.6 |
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the Internet? |
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Search Engines |
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•Does it take you much time?
•What search engines do you use? Is there any difference between them?
Read the text about search engines and say what information is new for
you.
I. Although there is a variety of search engines, the most well-known is Google (www.google.com). The key to good searching in Google is to define your keywords properly.
For example, you have a project Robots in our Life and you want to focus on humanoid robots used at home. Instead of searching for robots, you should try something more specific: humanoid household robot. The more keywords you put into the search box, the fewer page results you will get.
robots gives 48,500,000 pages, humanoid robots gives 697,000 humanoid household robots 23,300.
The “phrase” search technique involves wrapping part of a phrase in inverted commas (“”): "humanoid household robots" gives 352 pages.
Google image search (www.images.google.com) allows you to search an enormous collection of images in various formats.
II. Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) divides its content into subject areas, and subdivisions of those areas. Instead of a keyword search from the main page, users browse the section which best reflects their interests, and then search.
For example, using Yahoo! to find biographical information about Arthur Clarke, access the Yahoo! directory by clicking on the More at the top of the Yahoo! main page and choose Directory Search. From there you can browse to Arthur
Clarke: click on Arts > Humanities > Literature > Authors > Science Fiction and Fantasy , and
finally search for Arthur Clarke, selecting this category option. It means that Yahoo!
will only search in Arts > Humanities > Literature > Authors > Science Fiction and Fantasy
rather than in its entire directory. This gives 26 pages.
Yahoo! search results can often be more accurate than Google results as they lead to the first page of a website.
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III. Ask (www.ask.com) allows the user to type simple questions. A search on Ask should give you a results page with the answer to your question at the top, and links to relevant sites below that.
For example, type Who invented the cell phone?
The answer: Dr. Martin Cooper invented the first portable cell phone in April 1973.
IV. You may also try one of the meta search sites:
•Dogpile (www.dogpile.com)
•Mamma (www.mamma.com)
They search more than one search engine at the same time, giving you the ability to search Yahoo!, Google and Ask from one single page.
Your choice of search facility will depend on how you like to work, and which site you find particularly attractive and useful.
Activity 5.7
Treasure Hunt
1. Work in pairs. Use one of the search engines to find this information:
the tallest building in the world
the developers of Yahoo!
the length of the Great Wall of China
the year laptop was invented
the largest exporter of oil
the cleanest country in the world
The pair which first finds the answers wins this treasure hunt.
2.Which search engine did you use? Why?
3.Make a quiz for other students.
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UNIT 6
REVISION
1. You are going to read an article about silicone. Four sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-D the one which fits each gap.
Silicone Chemistry
Silicones are synthetic polymers formed from quartz sand (silicon and oxygen) and other products of nature.
Silicones are the “missing link” between organic and inorganic chemistry.
Silicones have unique properties other polymers cannot match.
(1) ......
Improving the Quality of Our Lives
Silicones enable the design of thinner, smaller, faster electronic devices.
Silicones make our cars safer, more reliable, and less costly to maintain.
(2) .....
Household appliances manufactured with silicones require less maintenance. Silicones protect power transmission equipment from environmental damage
and help keep the electricity flowing.
Silicones make towels fluffier and more absorbent and help protect skiers from injury during a fall.
An Amazing Range of Capabilities
Silicones are a huge group of products that happen to share some very useful traits ... like stability at high temperatures and resistance to age, sunlight, moisture, temperature extremes, and chemicals.
Silicones can take many different forms and perform hundreds of different
jobs.
Silicones can be hard and brittle, or soft and flexible.
(3) .....
Silicones can make things soft, smooth, and silky or hard, rough, and tacky.
Proven Performance
Structural silicone sealants* installed in buildings around the world in the 1980s are still performing today.
Silicone architectural coatings typically last twice as long as acrylic coatings**, and silicone building sealants typically last three times as long as urethane sealants.
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(4) ..... |
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Approximately half of all makeup, hair and |
skin |
care, and underarm products introduced today |
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contain silicone. |
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Virtually any electronic device that is |
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powered by batteries or electric current relies on |
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silicones. |
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__________________________________ |
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sealant* - герметик |
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coating** - покрытие; облицовка |
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A.Silicones have been used safely and successfully in personal care products for more than 30 years and have been the subject of more than 5,000 studies.
B.Silicones make our homes and offices safer, healthier places to live and work.
C.By changing the size or structure of the silicone molecule or by adding different compounds to it, you can enhance or change the way it behaves.
D.Silicones can be liquids or solids, durable or temporary.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect and Past Simple:
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A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" |
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B: I don't know. I (see, never) ................. |
that movie. |
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2. |
Sam (arrive) ................ |
in San Diego a week ago. |
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3. My best friend and I (know) |
........................... |
each other for over fifteen years. We |
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still get together once a week. |
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4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ............ |
ten very creative short stories in the |
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last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. |
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5. Things (change) ................... |
a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) |
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........................... working here three years ago, the company (have, only) ................... |
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six employees. Since then, we (expand) ..................... |
to include more than 2000 full- |
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time workers. |
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6. In the last hundred years, travelling (become) ......................... |
much easier and |
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very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) ............................ |
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two or three months |
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to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) ....................... |
very rough |
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and often dangerous. Things (change) ..................... |
a great deal in the last hundred |
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and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
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3. Complete the sentences using the words from the box in the correct form:
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can |
could |
have to must should |
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If you want to get a better feeling of the city, you |
............. walk downtown and |
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climb the Empire State Building. |
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2. |
Hiking in the mountains ............... |
be dangerous if you are not well prepared for |
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dramatic weather changes. You ............. |
research the route a little more before you |
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go. |
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3. |
When you have a small child in the house, you ........ |
leave small objects lying |
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around. Such objects ............... |
be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death. |
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4. |
I ............. |
speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But |
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after we moved back to Canada, I forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I
............ |
just say a few things in the language. |
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5. The book is optional. My professor says we ............ |
read it if we need extra credit. |
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But we |
......... read it if we don't want to. |
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6. For most people, learning a language is challenging. Experts agree that to make the
most of |
your language learning experience, you ......... |
practice the language |
regularly. |
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7. You .......... |
book the tickets for the play in advance - they sell out quickly. |
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4. Underline the three words which have the same sound.
technology modest even widespread service dream research version period ahead era realistic
speech entertain key completely employ essential terribly evolve
5. a. Put the following words into the right column.
money, your best, a mistake, progress, research, someone a favour, a phone call, a decision, business
Make |
Do |
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b. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs make or do and words from the table.
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He had to search a lot of different sites to ........ |
his ............. |
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2. |
We ......... |
.............. |
with a number of Italian companies. |
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3. |
Will you ........ |
me .............. |
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, Gilly? |
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4. |
The scientists were |
............... |
considerable .............. |
in space exploration. |
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5. |
The engineers wondered if they |
........... the right ................. |
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6. |
You can ............ |
good ............. |
as a computer programmer. |
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7. |
I need to ............... |
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a quick ................ |
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8. |
We may ............have |
............... |
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in our calculations. |
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9. |
I'll ............... ................ |
my |
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to help you with your studies. |
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6. Reorder the letters and make words to complete sentences.
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I met him when I worked in IBM, and we still keep in ....... |
(cotuh) |
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2. |
Scientists can play a ...... |
role in improving energy efficiency. (ilgadne) |
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3. |
The aim of the research was to ...... |
data from different sources of information. |
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(tlolcce) |
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4. |
Water is an ....... |
part of life, needed to maintain a healthy body and a clear |
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mind. (tseilsean) |
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5. |
WinRAR archiver is a ....... |
tool to process RAR and ZIP files. (fupwelor) |
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Our society is becoming more and more dependent on ....... |
information and |
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communication technologies. (lidtaig) |
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7. |
Tools used to protect ....... |
on the internet include encryption tools and |
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anonymizing services like I2P and tor. (carpivy)
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Grammar Reference
Passives
Form
+It’s done. It’s being done. It was done. It has been done. It will be done.
- It’s not done. It’s not being done. It wasn’t done. It hasn’t been done. It won’t be done.
?Is it done? Is it being done? Was it done? Has it been done? Will it be done?
Passives can also be formed with modal verbs.
Can it be done? It can’t be done. It should be done. It must be done. It might be done.
Present Perfect
Form
+I/ You/ We/ They have worked. He/ She/ It has worked.
-I/ You/ We/ They haven’t worked. He/ She/ It hasn’t worked.
?Have I/ you/ we/ they worked? Has he/ she/ it/ worked?
Past Simple
Form
+I/ You/ We/ They worked. He/ She/ It worked.
- I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ They didn’t work.
? Did I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ they work?
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Dealing with numbers
Saying large numbers
For example, 912,757,250 = nine hundred and twelve million, seven hundred and fifty-seven thousand, two hundred and fifty.
British and American English differences
0 = nought / oh (BrE) |
0 = zero (AmE) |
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Fractions |
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Decimals |
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5/7 |
= five-sevenths |
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1.25 = one point two five |
2/5 |
= two-fifths |
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0.754 = nought point seven five four (BrE) |
1/2 |
= a half |
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zero point seven five four (AmE) |
1/4 |
= a quarter |
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point seven five four (BrE/AmE) |
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Percentages
65% = sixty-five percent