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Hovercrafts have engines that power fans. These fans blow air underneath the hovercraft to cause it to lift off of the ground. Depending upon the size of the hovercraft and the power of the engines, hovercrafts can lift from six inches to over seven feet into the air.

To help hovercraft engines work most efficiently, hovercrafts have skirts made of fabric surrounding their bases. These skirts help to keep the pressurized air from escaping.

To move, hovercrafts also need engine power to produce an air current that will push it forward. Some hovercrafts use two separate engines: one for thrust (forward motion), and one to create the pressurized air cushion. Other hovercrafts have one

by military organizations to transport people and equipment over rough terrain. They can also be used to transport large groups of people across bodies of water rather than using boats.

Hovercraft can run on any type of surface. These vehicles use a cushion of high pressurized air to lift it slightly above the surface. The main objective is to remove any form of friction that is generated when a vehicle runs on a surface. This means that a hovercraft runs in air. But how can such a huge thing be lifted in the air just with the help of pressurized air?

6.Read the text once again and make marginal marks (пометки на полях):

√I knew it

+ New information

- The information contradicts my knowledge (противоречит моим представлениям)

? The information isn’t enough or understandable (непонятна или недостаточна)

7. Get ready to answer the following questions after reading the text:

1.What did you know about a hovercraft before reading the text?

2.What information did you find new reading the text?

3.What information contradicts your knowledge?

4.What information isn’t enough or understandable for you?

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8. Read the text once again and fill in the “margin al chart”:

Reflection (Размышление) Listening & Speaking

9. Match the words from two columns to create a phrase and make sentences to use them in your own text entitled “M y concept of a hovercraft and its work”. Share your ideas with the partner.

10.Prepare a presentation about a hovercraft according to the text and deliver your presentation to the class. Get ready to discuss it answering questions and persisting in your own opinion.

11.Write an essay entitled “A hovercraft is an amp hibious vehicle with lots of advantages”.

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Part II

DEVELOPING HOVERFERRY DESIGN-PROJECT

I. Warming up (Разминка)

Listening and Speaking

1. Group work. Reflect on the following quote about the design, interpret and ground it and share your ideas with the class. Get ready to discuss different points of view answering questions

“ Design can be art. Design can be aesthetics. Design is so simple, that's why it is so complicated.” Paul Rand

Useful terms and phrases

2. Read the following terms and phrases, mind their pronunciation:

II. Evocation ( Вызов)

Speaking & Listening

3. Group work. Reflect on the following questions about one-family dwelling design and share your ideas with the group:

1.What difficulties can you face creating hovercraft design project?

2.What are the stages of the hovercraft design project?

3.What can be the design special feature?

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4. Group work. Report your ideas to the class

Realization

Speaking and Listening

5. Group work. Role-play the following situation: Your client commissions you to develop hovercraft design project. Talk over the matter and develop hovercraft design project. Take into account the following points:

∙Specifications

∙Human factor s

∙Aesthetic characteristics

∙Constructive and service advantages

∙Convenience and operating economy

Reflection

Writing & Speaking

6. Work out the structure of the presentation and present it to the class

Listening & Speaking

7. Group work. Present your projects to the client. Get ready to discuss it answering questions and persisting in your opinion

Writing

8. Write an essay reflecting on your project and its success

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Students’ Individual Work

Texts for supplementary reading

Text 1

Task 1. Read the text and answer the following questions

1.What is industrial design?

2.How do industrial designers develop concepts?

3.In what way do they prepare recommendations?

4.What does the field of industrial design encompass?

5.What does industrial design involve?

6.How do industrial designers work with a product?

7.What factors does an industrial designer consider?

8.What do industrial designers place emphasis on?

9.What do they control?

What is industrial design?

Industrial design (ID) is the professional service that creates and develops concepts for manufactured products. These concepts improve the function, value and appearance of products for the benefit of both user and manufacturer. Industrial designers develop these concepts by collecting, analyzing and synthesizing data provided by the client or manufacturer. They prepare clear recommendations through drawings, models and verbal descriptions.

The field of industrial design encompasses designs for everything from a child's toy to an astronaut's space vehicle. Industrial design involves creating manmade products and improving their look, feel, and function. Industrial designers carry a product from an initial idea on paper and computer-assisted design to a physical prototype and final product. Multi-function cellular phones, trucks, household appliances, running shoes, and product packaging are all results of industrial designers’ jobs. A chair is a good example of a simple object that undergoes extensive planning from an industrial design perspective. A designer needs to consider not only the appearance and function of the chair but also these factors:

∙Practicality and durability of the materials

∙Physical characteristics of the consumers most likely to use that particular chair

∙Comfort and fatigue factors related to extended use

∙Environmental and safety concerns

∙The client's budget

Industrial designers give form to all mass-manufactured products in our culture. In their professional activity industrial designers place emphasis on the product aspects that relate to human needs and interests. It requires understanding of visual, tactile, safety and convenience criteria, with concern for the user.

Industrial designers also control technical processes and requirements for manufacture; marketing opportunities and economic constraints; and servicing

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processes. They work to ensure that design recommendations use materials and technology effectively, and comply with all legal and regulatory requirements.

Specialists in industrial design often consult people on a variety of problems concerned with a client's image. This activity also includes development of communication systems, interior space planning and exhibit design, advertising devices and packaging and other related services.

Industrial designers, as professionals bear contractual responsibilities to clients, protect the public safety and well-being, respect the environment and observe ethical business practice.

Task 2. Read the text once again and create own text entitled “M y concept of industrial design”.

Text 2

Task 1. Read the text and find answers to the following questions:

1.What does an industrial designer do?

2.What is his job?

3.What are industrial designers responsible for?

4.What does an introduction of a new product begin with?

5.In what form do they present options to the client?

6.How is the product tested?

7.What skills are vital for an industrial designer? Why?

What Does an Industrial Designer Do?

An industrial designer is the person who takes the ideas or concepts of an inventor or engineer and turns it into a marketable product. His job is to analyze an idea and create an item or product that is consumer-friendly and fills a need.

Industrial Designer Job Duties

Industrial designers are responsible for the look of many of the products which people buy and consume every day. The job of an industrial designer to create, plan and style manufactured goods, including automobiles, household products, food packaging, consumer electronics and medical equipment.

An industrial designer considers the usability, ergonomics and aesthetics of common mass-produced items to improve the design, function and marketing of these items. Industrial designers are responsible for the familiar look of brands and products like Jeep, iPods and the Coke bottle.

Job Description

The introduction of a new product generally begins as a concept in someone’s mind, so making it a reality is commonly a long and involved process. The designers create and sketch several different design ideas and present these options to the client. The next step is to create computer renderings with CAD programs and graphic design or photo imaging software; they also create 3-dimensional mock-ups to help clients visualize the final results.

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A customary first step in the process is to present a concept to the client based on the needs and wants expressed by the client at the initial meeting. This concept may be a computer generated image, a three dimensional model or a drawing. The client and designer normally discuss the pros and cons of the presentation and decide what modifications are necessary. This process continues until a model that meets the client’s needs is finalized.

The next step is normally product testing. This phase may include putting the prototype through experiments to check its functionality, iron out design problems or make improvements. Consumer testing or focus groups are also commonly used to get feedback on the product features and usability.

Regardless of the path an industrial designer takes, his creativity is his greatest asset. He is also required to be proficient in computer aided design concepts and applications. Excellent communication skills are required for him to effectively exchange ideas with clients.

Career Skills

Industrial design is a combination of art and engineering; drawing skills, creativity and technical knowledge are critical. Industrial designers must have a good sense of color, balance and proportion, as well as good verbal and written communication skills.

Analytical skills. Industrial designers use logic or reasoning skills to study consumers and recognize the need for new products.

Artistic ability. Industrial designers sketch their initial design ideas, which are used later to create prototypes. As such, designers must be able to express their design through illustration.

Computer skills. Industrial designers use computer-aided design software to develop their designs and create prototypes.

Creativity. Industrial designers must be innovative in their designs and the ways in which they integrate existing technologies into their new product.

Interpersonal skills. Industrial designers must develop cooperative working relationships with clients and colleagues who specialize in related disciplines.

Mechanical skills. Industrial designers must understand how products are engineered, at least for the types of products that they design.

Problem-solving skills. Industrial designers identify complex design problems such as the need, size, and cost of a product, anticipate production issues, develop alternatives, evaluate options, and implement solutions.

Task 2. Read the text once again and create own text entitled “Industrial Designer Job Duties”:

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Text 3

Task 1. Read the text ant tell about the major steps of industrial design. Then compare with the steps of industrial design in Russia.

New Product Design Process: 6 Major Steps Involved 1. Idea Generation:

The design process begins with understanding the customers and their needs. Ideas for new products can come from a variety of sources both within and outside the firm. Internal sources include employees, research and development, market research sales force and reverse engineering.

The external sources include customers, legislation, environment, technology and strategic position of the organisation. Competitors are also the source of ideas for new products or services. Perceptual maps, bench marking and reverse engineering can help companies learn from their competitors.

Perceptual maps helps to compare customer perceptions of a company’s products with competitor’s products. It is a visual method of comparing customer perceptions of different product or services:

1.Bench marking refers to finding the best in class product or process, measuring the performance of your product or process against it and making recommendations for improvement based on the results.

2.Reverse engineering refers to carefully dismantling and inspecting competitors products to look for design features that can be incorporated to improve one’s own products.

Each of these sources gives a different emphasis on the requirements and importance of idea generation.

2.Screening Ideas:

The purpose of screening ideas is to eliminate those ideas that do not appear to have high potential and so avoid the costs incurred at subsequent stages. Using group of people, proposals would be supported by graphics, models and an outline specification and judged against a set of criteria such as necessity to the firms survival, role in filling out an existing product/service, degree of overlap with existing products and services, utilizing existing processes and capabilities, impact on overall sales and profits of the company.

To have a better evaluation of ideas, each of the dimensions of the ideas is scored on a 0-10 scale and each dimension is attached weights as per these dimensions. The resulting aggregate score helps in deciding which idea to progress and which idea should be dropped.

3. Feasibility Study:

Initial screening of the ideas is designed to stop the ideas, which are unsuitable for further considerations. Feasibility study consists of a market analysis, an economic analysis, and technical and strategic analysis.

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Text 4

Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions:

1.What are the reasons for industrial design to become more important?

2.What drives the development of industrial design?

3.What are the main criteria to create new properties and characteristics?

4.What materials are they striving to use? What does it mean?

5.Which criteria which also play an important role in the development of materials?

6.What materials are used in the rubber industry and why?

New materials important in industrial design

Industrial design will, in my opinion, become more and more important. There are several reasons for this.

To start with, design is about more than just appearance – the decoration and visual appeal. It is about the knowledge of how to construct, develop and produce intelligent products. "Intelligent" means a combination of function, sensible production methods, sustainable material use and of course an attractive and useful interface. All these qualities are necessary to design good products. And designers who are at once observers, engineers and "poets" are well suited to lead the way.

Another factor is that competition between producers drives industrial design development. Design is seen as a "plus": the added value that enables producers to sell good products with in terms of use, function and aesthetics in an increasingly competitive market.

Finally consumers know more and more about design and its importance to the overall quality of a product, and therefore demand products with good design.

As I see it, the development of industrial design is driven by criteria such as minimizing environmental impact, sustainability, the need for lightweight construction, reduction of components and the integration of functions. As experts in new materials and technologies for the development of innovative products, I and my colleagues work closely with international research institutes in our projects. By connecting scientific research and product design we are able to develop new strategies, concepts and products.

Technical innovation, cost and environmental issues are the main criteria when it comes to the properties and characteristics that we are seeking for. And as a consequence we are striving for materials that are thinner, lighter, biodegradable and more "intelligent" in terms of having integrated functionality.

This means materials that combine properties in the most efficient way; materials that can react to their surroundings and the environment by measuring and responding; materials whose characteristics can be transformed by various processes into, completely different materials. Such combinations are more an integration than a lamination. The reason for such materials are functionality, a reduction in the number of components needed (which means they require less assembly) and the integration of ergonomic needs. Examples include ceramic paper, wood foam, metal foam, ceramic foam, paper foam and metallized plastics (metal particles within the

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