Biology_of_Turtles

386

nest site selection, 251 number of clutches, 247 posterior marginal scutes, 252 sexual dimorphism, 240

Turtles of the World (Ernst)

Apalone as voracious predators, 165 diverse locomotor habits, 159 elongated neck, 164

living species, 188 number of eggs, 246 sexual dimorphism, 240

Turtles of Venezuela (Pritchard), 226

Turtles: Perspectives and Research (Harless), 188 Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 320

U

Über die Entwicklung der Schildkröten (Rathke), 8, 10

Uchida, D., 327

Ulinski, P.S., 322

Ulna, 25, 87–93, 94, 105, 109, 110, 114, 115, 116 Ultsch, G.R.

anoxia tolerance, 304 buffer lactic acid, 330 emergence strategy, 258

extended anoxic survival, 306 freezing tolerance, 259 hypoxia, 302

neurogenesis, 329 overwintering, 260 shell and protection, 139

Underwood, H., 304, 323, 324

Une Lagune Tropicale au Temps des Dinosaures

(Bernier), 129

Unisex sex ratio strategy (USRS), 280 Unisex vs. mixed broods, 295–296 Upregulation, 307, 310, 316, 318, 329 Urinary bladders, 234–235 Urinogenital system, 227

USRS (unisex sex ratio strategy), 280 Uterus, 233–235

V

Vagal tone, 219 Vagina, 234, 235 Vaillant, M.L., 164 Valenzuela, N.

multiple paternity, 244 nesting behavior, 295 nest site repeatability, 294

nest site selection and sex ratio, 255

RIA and sex classification, 284 temperature-dependent sex determination, 254

Index

Vallén, E., 345

Vallois, H.V., 179 Van Abbema, J., 226 Van Buskirk, J., 23 Van Damme, J.

compensatory suction in C. serpentina, 199 EMG data for cryptodires, 183

hyoid apparatus displacement, 198, 200 inertial suction, 192

neck movements, 179, 180 neck rotation, 183

Van der Kuyl, A.C., 159 Van Ginneken, V., 302

Van Leeuwen, J.L., 86, 98, 108, 119 Van Mierop, L.H.S., 219

van Veen, T., 324

Vascular canal structure, 27–29 Vascularized cartilage, 33

Vas deferens, 227 Vaudry, D., 327, 328 Veins, major, 216 Velluti, J.C., 319 Velocity, 122, 144, 208 Venous blood, 216, 219 Ventilation, 219–220

Ventral plastron, 1, 104, 345 Ventral surface of lungs, 220

Ventroflexion, 169, 180, 181

Versluys, J., 345

Vertebrae, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 77, 103, 139, 164, 165, 166–169, 174, 175, 178, 180, 183, 213

Vertebral archetype, 10 Vertebral centra, 166, 168 Vertebral column, 217 Vertebral scutes, 55–56, 71, 74 Vertebral structure, 164, 181

Vertebrate Body (Romer), 166

Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (Carroll), 12, 13, 208

Vertebrate pattern, 103–104 Vertebrates

altricial young and motor activity, 153–154 body plans, 139

brain/spinal cord and glutamate, 318 cyclical formation of LAGs, 18 ectothermic turtles, 304

feeding behaviors, 189 structural organization, 103–104

Vertebrate thrust production, 122

Vestigial oviducts (Müllerian ducts) in male turtles, 227

VGCC (voltage gated calcium channels), 311 Vickaryous, M.K., 9, 10

Viets, B.E., 279–280 Vigh, J., 316

Villiform projections, 236

Index

Vincent, C, 5

Viosca, P., 240

Visual system, 304, 316, 322–324 Vitellogenesis, 231–232, 235, 244 Vivien-Roels, B., 322, 324 Vogel, S., 140, 147

Vogt, R.C., 244, 254, 284, 294, 295 Võlker, H., 345

Voltage-dependent calcium channel densities, 311 Voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC), 311 Vortkamp, A., 6

W

Wade, M.J., 294

Wagner, G., 236

Waite, R., 110

Wake, D.B., 209 Walker, J.A.

EMG signals, 143 motion pattern, 147 QuickImage , 142 QuickSAND , 143

Walker, W.F., Jr.

adaptation for locomotion, 109 diverse locomotor habits, 159 extensor carpi radialis at forelimb, 116 femorotibialis, 144

forelimb during locomotion, 104–105 hind feet webbing, 124

hindlimbs in thrust, 122

limb morphology variations, 115, 120 locomotion, 85, 98

locomotor adaptations, 119

marine pattern of extant turtles, 114 ontogeny as revealed by embryology, 46 patterns of locomotion, 226 plantigrade foot posture, 147

Pseudemys, 108

shoulder girdle and shell relationship, 120 tail role and locomotion, 140

timing of muscle activity, 141

Walking, 86, 98, 119, 124, 127, 128, 142–150, 151, 152, 153–155, 157

Wallace, B.P., 256

Walther, W.G., 110 Wang, H., 325

Wang, T., 219, 220, 222 Warren, D.E., 302, 304, 330 Wasser, J.S., 260

Water intake, 189 Water stress, 235 Weaver, M., 5

Webb, G.J.W., 253, 257 Webb, J.E., 85, 87

387

Webb, R.G., 98, 124, 142, 226 Webbing, interdigital, 124 Weems, R.E., 33, 34

Weight, 61, 65, 98, 107, 119, 120, 140, 141, 146, 238, 245

Weisberg, S., 36 Weisgram, J.

aquatic turtles, 209

hyoid apparatus displacement, 200 neck movements in Chelodian, 179

retraction pattern in cryptodires, 183–184 stalking, 190

vertebral structure description, 164 Weishampel, J., 295

Werner, C., 101–102 Westerga, J., 153

Westneat, M.W., 143, 147, 159 Wet/anoxic environment and eggs, 257 White, F.N., 219

White, G., 45

White, J., 45

White, J.B., 226, 244 Wibbels, T.

male vs. female size, 240

photoperiodism and hormonal control, 323 pre-nuptial gamete maturation, 244 spermatogenetic cycle, 229

vas deferens, 227 Wiechmann, A.F., 324 Wiens, J.J., 159, 236 Wiesner, C.S., 70 Wilbur, H.M.

chelonians and life history traits, 260 ellipsoidal eggs, 246

hatchling and delayed emergence, 258 hatchlings and nesting sites, 250

life history diversity, 248 sexual selection patterns, 242

Wild, R., 350

Wilhoft, D.C., 254, 255, 295 Willard, R., 259

Willey, J.S., 98, 124, 126, 140

Williams, E.E., 77, 164, 236 Williams, K.L., 253 Williams, T.L., 119 Williston, Samuel, 12 Williston, S.W., 346 Willmore, W.G., 325 Wilson, D.S.

age and scute growth lines, 21 embryonic diapause, 257 post-ovipositional arrest, 256–257 seasonal nesting pattern, 243 yolk reserve, 239

Wind, T., 312

388

Wirsig-Weichmann, C.R., 324 Witkovsky, P., 316, 323 Witzell, W.N., 246

Wnt signaling pathway, 5

Wolffian duct, 227

Wong-Riley, M.T., 307–308 Wood, F.E., 237

Wood, J.R., 237

Woods, G.T., 98 Woolverton, E., 258

World of Amphibians and Reptiles (Mertens), 98 Wren, K., 98, 159, 163

Wu, Q., 6

Wu, S., 302

Wyneken, J.

adult turtle heart, 216 anatomical studies, 94 anatomy of turtle brain, 303

animal locomotor performance, 108 drag-based propulsion, 122 hindlimb variations, 115 kinematics of swimming, 124

limb movements and marine forms, 128 location of an emydid turtle heart in situ, 215 locomotor systems, 187

lungs, 216

mechanisms of thrust production, 142 presumed blood flow pattern, summary, 221 sea turtle locomotion, 98

ventral surface of lungs, dissection of, 220

X

Xia, Y.

CO activity in brain, 308 cytochrome c oxidase activities, 308 δ and µ-opioid receptors, 318

delta-opioid receptor density and distribution,

319

GP and CO in medulla, 310

hexokinase activities in CNS of adult rat/ freshwater turtle, 309

ion channel distribution, 311–312

K-ATP channels and binding densities, 313 Xie, Y., 313

Xinjiangchelys, 102

Xiphiplastra, 8, 48, 59, 62, 66, 70, 76, 78

Y

Yagita, Y., 330

Yamada, F., 244

Yamada, T., 322

Yntema, C.L.

Index

epidermal scutes formation, 2 hatchling testis, 227

sex determination and temperatures, 255 shell formation, 4

stages of development, 253

Yolk utilization and hatchling size, 239 Yolks of eggs and testosterone, 252 Young, C.C., 132

Yuan, H.B., 322

Z

Zangerl, R.

carapace, 104, 139–140 costal bones of Pelodiscus, 5 development of carapace, 3 egg constraints, 252

endoskeletal and exoskeletal carapace, 345 evolution of turtles, 46

histological studies of plastron, 10 homology of epiplastron of turtles, 349 plastron of Natator depressus, 76 scute abnormalities, 71

shell formation, 226 tetrapod body plan, 1 thoracic ribs, 2

Zani, P.A.

force platform studies, 158 locomotor ability and agility, 154, 163 shell mass and body geometry, 120

walking mechanics and locomotion, 98 Zardoya, R.

anapsid status of turtles, 13 diapsids, 106 mitochondrial DNA, 348

studies trigger molecular studies, 348 turtle origins and evolution, 350

Zernicke, R.F., 140, 141 Zhang, G.H., 318 Zhang, J., 321

Zhu, D., 302, 319 Zug, G.R.

age-estimate studies, 20

animal locomotor performance, 108 bottom-dwellers, 103

cryptodire penis, 236 diverse locomotor habits, 159 equilibrium, 86

gaits to swim and walk, 128 hindlimbs predominate in thrust, 122 limb movements, 105, 130 locomotion, 85, 98

plantigrade foot posture, 147 skeletochronology, 22, 23, 36

Index

swimming, 127

tail role and locomotion/propulsion, 124, 140 terrestrial locomotion study, 127

trionychid lineage, 142 vitellogenesis, 244

Zweifel, R.G., 226

389

Zygapophyses articular facets, 169

articulation of vertebra, 166 lateral aspects, 178 orientation, 167

structure, 181